#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# graph_tool -- a general graph manipulation python module
#
# Copyright (C) 2006-2023 Tiago de Paula Peixoto <tiago@skewed.de>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
from .. import Vector_size_t, group_vector_property
from . util import *
import functools
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
import gc
import math
import numpy
import graph_tool.draw
__test__ = False
def set_test(test):
global __test__
__test__ = test
def _bm_test():
global __test__
return __test__
def copy_state_wrap(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(self, *args, test=True, **kwargs):
S = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
if _bm_test() and test:
assert not isnan(S) and not isinf(S), \
"invalid entropy %g (%s) " % (S, str(args))
state_copy = self.copy()
Salt = state_copy.entropy(*args, test=False, **kwargs)
assert math.isclose(S, Salt, abs_tol=1e-8), \
"entropy discrepancy after copying (%g %g %g)" % (S, Salt,
S - Salt)
return S
return wrapper
def mcmc_sweep_wrap(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
test = kwargs.pop("test", True)
entropy_args = kwargs.get("entropy_args", {})
if not kwargs.get("dispatch", True):
return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
if _bm_test() and test:
if hasattr(self, "_check_clabel"):
assert self._check_clabel(), "invalid clabel before sweep"
Si = self.entropy(**entropy_args)
ret = func(self, *args, **kwargs)
if _bm_test() and test:
if hasattr(self, "_check_clabel"):
assert self._check_clabel(), "invalid clabel after sweep"
dS = ret[0]
Sf = self.entropy(**entropy_args)
assert math.isclose(dS, (Sf - Si), abs_tol=1e-8), \
"inconsistent entropy delta %g (%g): %s" % (dS, Sf - Si,
str(entropy_args))
return ret
return wrapper
[docs]
class MCMCState(ABC):
r"""Base state that implements single-flip MCMC sweeps"""
@abstractmethod
def _mcmc_sweep_dispatch(self, mcmc_state):
pass
@abstractmethod
def _get_entropy_args(self, kwargs):
pass
[docs]
@mcmc_sweep_wrap
def mcmc_sweep(self, beta=1., c=.5, d=.01, niter=1, entropy_args={},
allow_vacate=True, sequential=True, deterministic=False,
vertices=None, verbose=False, **kwargs):
r"""Perform ``niter`` sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance-rejection
MCMC to sample network partitions.
Parameters
----------
beta : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1.``)
Inverse temperature.
c : ``float`` (optional, default: ``.5``)
Sampling parameter ``c`` for move proposals: For :math:`c\to 0` the
blocks are sampled according to the local neighborhood of a given
node and their block connections; for :math:`c\to\infty` the blocks
are sampled randomly. Note that only for :math:`c > 0` the MCMC is
guaranteed to be ergodic.
d : ``float`` (optional, default: ``.01``)
Probability of selecting a new (i.e. empty) group for a given move.
niter : ``int`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is
made for each node.
entropy_args : ``dict`` (optional, default: ``{}``)
Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in
:meth:`graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy`.
allow_vacate : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``True``)
Allow groups to be vacated.
sequential : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``True``)
If ``sequential == True`` each vertex move attempt is made
sequentially, where vertices are visited in random order. Otherwise
the moves are attempted by sampling vertices randomly, so that the
same vertex can be moved more than once, before other vertices had
the chance to move.
deterministic : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``sequential == True`` and ``deterministic == True`` the
vertices will be visited in deterministic order.
vertices : ``list`` of ints (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, this should be a list of vertices which will be
moved. Otherwise, all vertices will.
verbose : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``verbose == True``, detailed information will be displayed.
Returns
-------
dS : ``float``
Entropy difference after the sweeps.
nattempts : ``int``
Number of vertex moves attempted.
nmoves : ``int``
Number of vertices moved.
Notes
-----
This algorithm has an :math:`O(E)` complexity, where :math:`E` is the
number of edges (independent of the number of groups).
References
----------
.. [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, "Efficient Monte Carlo and
greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models", Phys.
Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), :doi:`10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804`,
:arxiv:`1310.4378`
"""
mcmc_state = DictState(locals())
mcmc_state.oentropy_args = self._get_entropy_args(entropy_args)
mcmc_state.vlist = Vector_size_t()
if vertices is None:
vertices = self.g.vertex_index.copy().fa
if getattr(self, "is_weighted", False):
# ignore vertices with zero weight
vw = self.vweight.fa
vertices = vertices[vw > 0]
mcmc_state.vlist.resize(len(vertices))
mcmc_state.vlist.a = vertices
mcmc_state.state = self._state
dispatch = kwargs.pop("dispatch", True)
if len(kwargs) > 0:
raise ValueError("unrecognized keyword arguments: " +
str(list(kwargs.keys())))
if dispatch:
return self._mcmc_sweep_dispatch(mcmc_state)
else:
return mcmc_state
[docs]
class MultiflipMCMCState(ABC):
r"""Base state that implements multiflip (merge-split) MCMC sweeps"""
@abstractmethod
def _multiflip_mcmc_sweep_dispatch(self, mcmc_state):
pass
@abstractmethod
def _get_entropy_args(self, kwargs):
pass
[docs]
@mcmc_sweep_wrap
def multiflip_mcmc_sweep(self, beta=1., c=.5, psingle=None, psplit=1,
pmerge=1, pmergesplit=1, pmovelabel=0, d=0.01,
gibbs_sweeps=10, niter=1, entropy_args={},
accept_stats=None, verbose=False, **kwargs):
r"""Perform ``niter`` sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance-rejection MCMC
with multiple simultaneous moves (i.e. merges and splits) to sample
network partitions.
Parameters
----------
beta : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1.``)
Inverse temperature.
c : ``float`` (optional, default: ``.5``)
Sampling parameter ``c`` for move proposals: For :math:`c\to 0` the
blocks are sampled according to the local neighborhood of a given
node and their block connections; for :math:`c\to\infty` the blocks
are sampled randomly. Note that only for :math:`c > 0` the MCMC is
guaranteed to be ergodic.
psingle : ``float`` (optional, default: ``None``)
Relative probability of proposing a single node move. If ``None``,
it will be selected as the number of nodes in the graph.
psplit : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Relative probability of proposing a group split.
pmergesplit : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Relative probability of proposing a marge-split move.
pmovelabel : ``float`` (optional, default: ``0``)
Relative probability of proposing a group label move.
d : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Probability of selecting a new (i.e. empty) group for a given
single-node move.
gibbs_sweeps : ``int`` (optional, default: ``10``)
Number of sweeps of Gibbs sampling to be performed (i.e. each node
is attempted once per sweep) to refine a split proposal.
niter : ``int`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is
made for each node, on average.
entropy_args : ``dict`` (optional, default: ``{}``)
Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in
:meth:`graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy`.
verbose : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``verbose == True``, detailed information will be displayed.
Returns
-------
dS : ``float``
Entropy difference after the sweeps.
nattempts : ``int``
Number of vertex moves attempted.
nmoves : ``int``
Number of vertices moved.
Notes
-----
This algorithm has an :math:`O(E)` complexity, where :math:`E` is the
number of edges (independent of the number of groups).
References
----------
.. [peixoto-merge-split-2020] Tiago P. Peixoto, "Merge-split Markov
chain Monte Carlo for community detection", Phys. Rev. E 102, 012305
(2020), :doi:`10.1103/PhysRevE.102.012305`, :arxiv:`2003.07070`
"""
if psingle is None:
psingle = self.g.num_vertices()
gibbs_sweeps = max((gibbs_sweeps, 1))
nproposal = Vector_size_t(4)
nacceptance = Vector_size_t(4)
force_move = kwargs.pop("force_move", False)
mcmc_state = DictState(locals())
mcmc_state.oentropy_args = self._get_entropy_args(entropy_args)
mcmc_state.state = self._state
dispatch = kwargs.pop("dispatch", True)
if len(kwargs) > 0:
raise ValueError("unrecognized keyword arguments: " +
str(list(kwargs.keys())))
if dispatch:
dS, nattempts, nmoves = self._multiflip_mcmc_sweep_dispatch(mcmc_state)
else:
return mcmc_state
if accept_stats is not None:
for key in ["proposal", "acceptance"]:
if key not in accept_stats:
accept_stats[key] = numpy.zeros(len(nproposal),
dtype="uint64")
accept_stats["proposal"] += nproposal.a
accept_stats["acceptance"] += nacceptance.a
return dS, nattempts, nmoves
[docs]
class MultilevelMCMCState(ABC):
r"""Base state that implements multilevel agglomerative MCMC sweeps"""
@abstractmethod
def _multilevel_mcmc_sweep_dispatch(self, mcmc_state):
pass
@abstractmethod
def _get_entropy_args(self, kwargs):
pass
def _get_bclabel(self):
return None
[docs]
@mcmc_sweep_wrap
def multilevel_mcmc_sweep(self, niter=1, beta=1., c=.5, psingle=None,
pmultilevel=1, d=0.01, r=0.9, random_bisect=True,
merge_sweeps=10, mh_sweeps=10, init_r=0.99,
init_beta=1., gibbs=False, B_min=1,
B_max=numpy.iinfo(numpy.uint64).max, b_min=None,
b_max=None, M=None, cache_states=True,
entropy_args={}, verbose=False, **kwargs):
r"""Perform ``niter`` sweeps of a multilevel agglomerative acceptance-rejection
MCMC to sample network partitions, that uses a bisection search on the
number of groups, together with group merges and singe-node moves.
Parameters
----------
niter : ``int`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is
made for each node, on average.
beta : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1.``)
Inverse temperature.
c : ``float`` (optional, default: ``.5``)
Sampling parameter ``c`` for move proposals: For :math:`c\to 0` the
blocks are sampled according to the local neighborhood of a given
node and their block connections; for :math:`c\to\infty` the blocks
are sampled randomly. Note that only for :math:`c > 0` the MCMC is
guaranteed to be ergodic.
psingle : ``float`` (optional, default: ``None``)
Relative probability of proposing a single node move. If ``None``,
it will be selected as the number of nodes in the graph.
pmultilevel : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Relative probability of proposing a multilevel move.
d : ``float`` (optional, default: ``.01``)
Probability of selecting a new (i.e. empty) group for a given
single-node move.
r : ``float`` (optional, default: ``0.9``)
Group shrink ratio. The number of groups is reduced by this fraction
at each merge sweep.
random_bisect : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``True``)
If ``True``, bisections are done at randomly chosen
intervals. Otherwise a Fibonacci sequence is used.
merge_sweeps : ``int`` (optional, default: ``10``)
Number of sweeps spent to find good merge proposals.
mh_sweeps : ``int`` (optional, default: ``10``)
Number of single-node Metropolis-Hastings sweeps between merge splits.
init_r : ``double`` (optional, default: ``0.99``)
Stopping criterion for the intialization phase, after each node is
put in their own group, to set the initial upper bound of the
bisection search. A number of single-node Metropolis-Hastings sweeps
is done until the number of groups is shrunk by a factor that is
larger than this parameter.
init_beta : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1.``)
Inverse temperature to be used for the very first sweep of the
initialization phase.
gibbs : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``True``, the single node moves use (slower) Gibbs sampling,
rather than Metropolis-Hastings.
B_min : ``int`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Minimum number of groups to be considered in the search.
b_min : :class:`~graph_tool.VertexPropertyMap` (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, this will be used for the partition corresponding to ``B_min``.
B_max : ``int`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Maximum number of groups to be considered in the search.
b_max : :class:`~graph_tool.VertexPropertyMap` (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, this will be used for the partition corresponding to ``B_max``.
M : ``int`` (optional, default: ``None``)
Maximum number of groups to select for the multilevel move. If
``None`` is provided, then all groups are always elected.
cache_states : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``True``)
If ``True``, intermediary states will be cached during the bisection
search.
entropy_args : ``dict`` (optional, default: ``{}``)
Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in
:meth:`graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy`.
verbose : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``verbose == True``, detailed information will be displayed.
Returns
-------
dS : ``float``
Entropy difference after the sweeps.
nattempts : ``int``
Number of vertex moves attempted.
nmoves : ``int``
Number of vertices moved.
Notes
-----
This algorithm has an :math:`O(E\ln^2 N)` complexity, where :math:`E` is
the number of edges and :math:`N` is the number of nodes (independently of
the number of groups).
References
----------
.. [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, "Efficient Monte Carlo and
greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models", Phys.
Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), :doi:`10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804`,
:arxiv:`1310.4378`
"""
if psingle is None:
psingle = self.g.num_vertices()
merge_sweeps = max((merge_sweeps, 1))
if M is None:
M = self.g.num_vertices()
global_moves = True
else:
global_moves = False
bclabel = self._get_bclabel()
if bclabel is not None:
B_min = max((len(numpy.unique(bclabel.fa)), B_min))
if b_min is None:
b_min = self.g.vertex_index.copy("int")
if b_max is None:
b_max = self.g.new_vp("int")
mcmc_state = DictState(locals())
mcmc_state.oentropy_args = self._get_entropy_args(entropy_args)
mcmc_state.state = self._state
dispatch = kwargs.pop("dispatch", True)
if len(kwargs) > 0:
raise ValueError("unrecognized keyword arguments: " +
str(list(kwargs.keys())))
if dispatch:
return self._multilevel_mcmc_sweep_dispatch(mcmc_state)
else:
return mcmc_state
[docs]
class GibbsMCMCState(ABC):
r"""Base state that implements single flip MCMC sweeps"""
@abstractmethod
def _gibbs_sweep_dispatch(self, gibbs_state):
pass
@abstractmethod
def _get_entropy_args(self, kwargs):
pass
[docs]
@mcmc_sweep_wrap
def gibbs_sweep(self, beta=1., niter=1, entropy_args={},
allow_new_group=True, sequential=True, deterministic=False,
vertices=None, verbose=False, **kwargs):
r"""Perform ``niter`` sweeps of a rejection-free Gibbs MCMC to sample network
partitions.
Parameters
----------
beta : ``float`` (optional, default: ``1.``)
Inverse temperature.
niter : ``int`` (optional, default: ``1``)
Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is
made for each node.
entropy_args : ``dict`` (optional, default: ``{}``)
Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in
:meth:`graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy`.
allow_new_group : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``True``)
Allow the number of groups to increase and decrease.
sequential : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``True``)
If ``sequential == True`` each vertex move attempt is made
sequentially, where vertices are visited in random order. Otherwise
the moves are attempted by sampling vertices randomly, so that the
same vertex can be moved more than once, before other vertices had
the chance to move.
deterministic : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``sequential == True`` and ``deterministic == True`` the
vertices will be visited in deterministic order.
vertices : ``list`` of ints (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, this should be a list of vertices which will be
moved. Otherwise, all vertices will.
verbose : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``verbose == True``, detailed information will be displayed.
Returns
-------
dS : ``float``
Entropy difference after the sweeps.
nattempts : ``int``
Number of vertex moves attempted.
nmoves : ``int``
Number of vertices moved.
Notes
-----
This algorithm has an :math:`O(E\times B)` complexity, where :math:`B`
is the number of groups, and :math:`E` is the number of edges.
"""
gibbs_state = DictState(locals())
gibbs_state.oentropy_args = self._get_entropy_args(entropy_args)
gibbs_state.vlist = Vector_size_t()
if vertices is None:
vertices = self.g.get_vertices()
gibbs_state.vlist.resize(len(vertices))
gibbs_state.vlist.a = vertices
gibbs_state.state = self._state
if len(kwargs) > 0:
raise ValueError("unrecognized keyword arguments: " +
str(list(kwargs.keys())))
dS, nattempts, nmoves = self._gibbs_sweep_dispatch(gibbs_state)
return dS, nattempts, nmoves
[docs]
class MulticanonicalMCMCState(ABC):
r"""Base state that implements multicanonical MCMC sweeps"""
@abstractmethod
def _multicanonical_sweep_dispatch(self, multicanonical_state):
pass
[docs]
@mcmc_sweep_wrap
def multicanonical_sweep(self, m_state, multiflip=False, **kwargs):
r"""Perform ``niter`` sweeps of a non-Markovian multicanonical sampling using the
Wang-Landau algorithm.
Parameters
----------
m_state : :class:`~graph_tool.inference.MulticanonicalState`
:class:`~graph_tool.inference.MulticanonicalState` instance
containing the current state of the Wang-Landau run.
multiflip : ``bool`` (optional, default: ``False``)
If ``True``, ``multiflip_mcmc_sweep()`` will be used, otherwise
``mcmc_sweep()``.
**kwargs : Keyword parameter list
The remaining parameters will be passed to
``multiflip_mcmc_sweep()`` or ``mcmc_sweep()``.
Returns
-------
dS : ``float``
Entropy difference after the sweeps.
nattempts : ``int``
Number of vertex moves attempted.
nmoves : ``int``
Number of vertices moved.
Notes
-----
This algorithm has an :math:`O(E)` complexity, where :math:`E` is the
number of edges (independent of the number of groups).
References
----------
.. [wang-efficient-2001] Fugao Wang, D. P. Landau, "An efficient, multiple
range random walk algorithm to calculate the density of states", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 86, 2050 (2001), :doi:`10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2050`,
:arxiv:`cond-mat/0011174`
"""
if not multiflip:
kwargs["sequential"] = False
kwargs["beta"] = 1
args = dmask(locals(), ["self", "kwargs"])
multi_state = DictState(args)
entropy_args = kwargs.get("entropy_args", {})
entropy_offset = kwargs.pop("entropy_offset", 0)
if multiflip:
mcmc_state = self.multiflip_mcmc_sweep(dispatch=False, **kwargs)
else:
mcmc_state = self.mcmc_sweep(dispatch=False, **kwargs)
multi_state.update(mcmc_state)
multi_state.multiflip = multiflip
multi_state.S = self.entropy(**entropy_args) + entropy_offset
multi_state.state = self._state
multi_state.f = m_state._f
multi_state.S_min = m_state._S_min
multi_state.S_max = m_state._S_max
multi_state.hist = m_state._hist
multi_state.dens = m_state._density
if (multi_state.S < multi_state.S_min or
multi_state.S > multi_state.S_max):
raise ValueError("initial entropy %g out of bounds (%g, %g)" %
(multi_state.S, multi_state.S_min,
multi_state.S_max))
S, nattempts, nmoves = self._multicanonical_sweep_dispatch(multi_state)
return S, nattempts, nmoves
[docs]
class ExhaustiveSweepState(ABC):
r"""Base state that implements exhaustive enumerative sweeps"""
@abstractmethod
def _exhaustive_sweep_dispatch(self, exhaustive_state):
pass
@abstractmethod
def _get_entropy_args(self, kwargs):
pass
[docs]
def exhaustive_sweep(self, entropy_args={}, callback=None, density=None,
vertices=None, initial_partition=None, max_iter=None):
r"""Perform an exhaustive loop over all possible network partitions.
Parameters
----------
entropy_args : ``dict`` (optional, default: ``{}``)
Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in
:meth:`graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy`.
callback : callable object (optional, default: ``None``)
Function to be called for each partition, with three arguments ``(S,
S_min, b_min)`` corresponding to the the current entropy value, the
minimum entropy value so far, and the corresponding partition,
respectively. If not provided, and ``hist is None`` an iterator over
the same values will be returned instead.
density : ``tuple`` (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, it should contain a tuple with values ``(S_min, S_max,
n_bins)``, which will be used to obtain the density of states via a
histogram of size ``n_bins``. This parameter is ignored unless
``callback is None``.
vertices : iterable of ints (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, this should be a list of vertices which will be
moved. Otherwise, all vertices will.
initial_partition : iterable of ints (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, this will provide the initial partition for the
iteration.
max_iter : ``int`` (optional, default: ``None``)
If provided, this will limit the total number of iterations.
Returns
-------
states : iterator over (S, S_min, b_min)
If ``callback`` is ``None`` and ``hist`` is ``None``, the function
will return an iterator over ``(S, S_min, b_min)`` corresponding to
the the current entropy value, the minimum entropy value so far, and
the corresponding partition, respectively.
Ss, counts : pair of :class:`numpy.ndarray`
If ``callback is None`` and ``hist is not None``, the function will
return the values of each bin (``Ss``) and the state count of each
bin (``counts``).
b_min : :class:`~graph_tool.VertexPropertyMap`
If ``callback is not None`` or ``hist is not None``, the function
will also return partition with smallest entropy.
Notes
-----
This algorithm has an :math:`O(B^N)` complexity, where :math:`B` is the
number of groups, and :math:`N` is the number of vertices.
"""
exhaustive_state = DictState(dict(max_iter=max_iter if max_iter is not None else 0))
exhaustive_state.oentropy_args = self._get_entropy_args(entropy_args)
exhaustive_state.vlist = Vector_size_t()
if vertices is None:
vertices = self.g.vertex_index.copy().fa
if getattr(self, "is_weighted", False):
# ignore vertices with zero weight
vw = self.vweight.fa
vertices = vertices[vw > 0]
if initial_partition is None:
initial_partition = zeros(len(vertices), dtype="uint64")
self.move_vertex(vertices, initial_partition)
exhaustive_state.vlist.resize(len(vertices))
exhaustive_state.vlist.a = vertices
exhaustive_state.S = self.entropy(**entropy_args)
exhaustive_state.state = self._state
exhaustive_state.b_min = b_min = self.g.new_vp("int32_t")
if density is not None:
density = (density[0], density[1],
numpy.zeros(density[2], dtype="uint64"))
if callback is not None:
_callback = lambda S, S_min: callback(S, S_min, b_min)
else:
_callback = None
ret = self._exhaustive_sweep_dispatch(exhaustive_state, _callback,
density)
if _callback is None:
if density is None:
return ((S, S_min, b_min) for S, S_min in ret)
else:
Ss = numpy.linspace(density[0], density[1], len(density[2]))
return (Ss, density[2]), b_min
else:
return b_min
[docs]
class DrawBlockState(ABC):
r"""Base state that implements group-based drawing."""
[docs]
def draw(self, **kwargs):
r"""Convenience wrapper to :func:`~graph_tool.draw.graph_draw` that
draws the state of the graph as colors on the vertices and edges."""
gradient = self.g.new_ep("double")
gradient = group_vector_property([gradient])
b = self.g.own_property(self.b)
return graph_tool.draw.graph_draw(self.g,
vertex_fill_color=kwargs.pop("vertex_fill_color", b),
vertex_color=kwargs.pop("vertex_color", b),
edge_gradient=kwargs.pop("edge_gradient", gradient),
vcmap=kwargs.pop("vcmap", graph_tool.draw.default_cm),
**kwargs)
