# graph_tool.inference - Statistical inference of generative network models¶

This module contains algorithms for the identification of large-scale network structure via the statistical inference of generative models.

Note

An introduction to the concepts used here, as well as a basic HOWTO is included in the cookbook section: Inferring network structure.

## Nonparametric stochastic block model inference¶

### High-level functions¶

 minimize_blockmodel_dl Fit the stochastic block model. minimize_nested_blockmodel_dl Fit the nested stochastic block model.

### State classes¶

 BlockState The stochastic block model state of a given graph. OverlapBlockState The overlapping stochastic block model state of a given graph. LayeredBlockState The (possibly overlapping) block state of a given graph, where the edges are divided into discrete layers. NestedBlockState The nested stochastic block model state of a given graph. TemperingState This class aggregates several state classes and corresponding inverse-temperature values to implement parallel tempering MCMC.

### Sampling and minimization¶

 mcmc_equilibrate Equilibrate a MCMC with a given starting state. mcmc_anneal Equilibrate a MCMC at a specified target temperature by performing simulated annealing. mcmc_multilevel Equilibrate a MCMC from a starting state with a higher order, by performing successive agglomerative initializations and equilibrations until the desired order is reached, such that metastable states are avoided. multicanonical_equilibrate Equilibrate a multicanonical Monte Carlo sampling using the Wang-Landau algorithm. MulticanonicalState The density of states of a multicanonical Monte Carlo algorithm. bisection_minimize Find the best order (number of groups) given an initial set of states by performing a one-dimension minimization, using a Fibonacci (or golden section) search. hierarchy_minimize Attempt to find a fit of the nested stochastic block model that minimizes the description length.

### Auxiliary functions¶

 model_entropy Computes the amount of information necessary for the parameters of the traditional blockmodel ensemble, for B blocks, N vertices, E edges, and either a directed or undirected graph. mf_entropy Compute the “mean field” entropy given the vertex block membership marginals. bethe_entropy Compute the Bethe entropy given the edge block membership marginals. microstate_entropy Compute microstate entropy given a histogram of partitions. half_edge_graph Generate a half-edge graph, where each half-edge is represented by a node, and an edge connects the half-edges like in the original graph. get_block_edge_gradient Get edge gradients corresponding to the block membership at the endpoints of the edges given by the be edge property map.

### Auxiliary classes¶

 PartitionHist Histogram of partitions, implemented in C++. BlockPairHist Histogram of block pairs, implemented in C++.

## Semiparametric stochastic block model inference¶

### State classes¶

 EMBlockState The parametric, undirected stochastic block model state of a given graph.

### Expectation-maximization Inference¶

 em_infer Infer the model parameters and latent variables using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm with initial state given by state.

## Contents¶

graph_tool.inference.minimize_blockmodel_dl(g, B_min=None, B_max=None, b_min=None, b_max=None, deg_corr=True, overlap=False, nonoverlap_init=True, layers=False, state_args={}, bisection_args={}, mcmc_args={}, anneal_args={}, mcmc_equilibrate_args={}, shrink_args={}, mcmc_multilevel_args={}, verbose=False)[source]

Fit the stochastic block model.

Parameters: The graph. B_min : int (optional, default: None) The minimum number of blocks. B_max : int (optional, default: None) The maximum number of blocks. b_min : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) The partition to be used with the minimum number of blocks. b_max : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) The partition to be used with the maximum number of blocks. deg_corr : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the degree-corrected version of the model will be used. overlap : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the overlapping version of the model will be used. nonoverlap_init : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and overlap == True a non-overlapping initial state will be used. layers : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the layered version of the model will be used. state_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to appropriate state constructor (e.g. BlockState, OverlapBlockState or LayeredBlockState) bisection_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to bisection_minimize(). mcmc_args : dict (optional, default: {}) mcmc_equilibrate_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_equilibrate(). shrink_args : dict (optional, default: {}) mcmc_multilevel_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_multilevel(). verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. State with minimal description length.

Notes

This function is a convenience wrapper around bisection_minimize().

See [peixoto-efficient-2014] for details on the algorithm.

This algorithm has a complexity of $$O(V \ln^2 V)$$, where $$V$$ is the number of nodes in the network.

>>> g = gt.collection.data["polbooks"]
>>> state = gt.minimize_blockmodel_dl(g)
>>> state.draw(pos=g.vp["pos"], vertex_shape=state.get_blocks(),
...            output="polbooks_blocks_mdl.pdf")
<...>


Block partition of a political books network, which minimizes the description length of the network according to the degree-corrected stochastic blockmodel.

>>> g = gt.collection.data["polbooks"]
>>> state = gt.minimize_blockmodel_dl(g, overlap=True)
>>> state.draw(pos=g.vp["pos"], output="polbooks_overlap_blocks_mdl.pdf")
<...>


Overlapping partition of a political books network, which minimizes the description length of the network according to the overlapping degree-corrected stochastic blockmodel.

References

 [holland-stochastic-1983] Paul W. Holland, Kathryn Blackmond Laskey, Samuel Leinhardt, “Stochastic blockmodels: First steps”, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, U.S.A., DOI: 10.1016/0378-8733(83)90021-7.
 [faust-blockmodels-1992] Katherine Faust, and Stanley Wasserman. “Blockmodels: Interpretation and Evaluation.” Social Networks 14, no. 1-2 (1992): 5-61, DOI: 10.1016/0378-8733(92)90013-W.
 [karrer-stochastic-2011] Brian Karrer, and M. E. J. Newman. “Stochastic Blockmodels and Community Structure in Networks.” Physical Review E 83, no. 1 (2011): 016107, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.83.016107.
 [peixoto-entropy-2012] Tiago P. Peixoto “Entropy of Stochastic Blockmodel Ensembles.” Physical Review E 85, no. 5 (2012): 056122, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.85.056122, arXiv: 1112.6028.
 [peixoto-parsimonious-2013] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Parsimonious module inference in large networks”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 148701 (2013), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.148701, arXiv: 1212.4794.
 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378.
 [peixoto-model-2016] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Model selection and hypothesis testing for large-scale network models with overlapping groups”, Phys. Rev. X 5, 011033 (2016), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011033, arXiv: 1409.3059.
 [peixoto-inferring-2016] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Inferring the mesoscale structure of layered, edge-valued and time-varying networks”, Phys. Rev. E 92, 042807 (2015), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.042807, arXiv: 1504.02381.
graph_tool.inference.minimize_nested_blockmodel_dl(g, B_min=None, B_max=None, b_min=None, b_max=None, Bs=None, bs=None, deg_corr=True, overlap=False, nonoverlap_init=True, layers=False, hierarchy_minimize_args={}, state_args={}, bisection_args={}, mcmc_args={}, anneal_args={}, mcmc_equilibrate_args={}, shrink_args={}, mcmc_multilevel_args={}, verbose=False)[source]

Fit the nested stochastic block model.

Parameters: The graph. B_min : int (optional, default: None) The minimum number of blocks. B_max : int (optional, default: None) The maximum number of blocks. b_min : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) The partition to be used with the minimum number of blocks. b_max : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) The partition to be used with the maximum number of blocks. Bs : list of ints (optional, default: None) If provided, it will correspond to the sizes of the initial hierarchy. bs : list of integer-valued numpy.ndarray objects (optional, default: None) If provided, it will correspond to the initial hierarchical partition. deg_corr : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the degree-corrected version of the model will be used. overlap : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the overlapping version of the model will be used. nonoverlap_init : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and overlap == True a non-overlapping initial state will be used. layers : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the layered version of the model will be used. hierarchy_minimize_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to hierarchy_minimize(). state_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to appropriate state constructor (e.g. BlockState, OverlapBlockState or LayeredBlockState) bisection_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to bisection_minimize(). mcmc_args : dict (optional, default: {}) mcmc_equilibrate_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_equilibrate(). shrink_args : dict (optional, default: {}) mcmc_multilevel_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_multilevel(). verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. min_state : NestedBlockState Nested state with minimal description length.

Notes

This function is a convenience wrapper around hierarchy_minimize().

See [peixoto-hierarchical-2014] for details on the algorithm.

This algorithm has a complexity of $$O(V \ln^2 V)$$, where $$V$$ is the number of nodes in the network.

References

 [peixoto-hierarchical-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Hierarchical block structures and high-resolution model selection in large networks ”, Phys. Rev. X 4, 011047 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.4.011047, arXiv: 1310.4377.
 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378.
 [peixoto-model-2016] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Model selection and hypothesis testing for large-scale network models with overlapping groups”, Phys. Rev. X 5, 011033 (2016), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011033, arXiv: 1409.3059.
 [peixoto-inferring-2016] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Inferring the mesoscale structure of layered, edge-valued and time-varying networks”, Phys. Rev. E 92, 042807 (2015), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.042807, arXiv: 1504.02381.

Examples

>>> g = gt.collection.data["power"]
>>> state = gt.minimize_nested_blockmodel_dl(g, deg_corr=True)
>>> state.draw(output="power_nested_mdl.pdf")
(...)


Hierarchical Block partition of a power-grid network, which minimizes the description length of the network according to the nested (degree-corrected) stochastic blockmodel.

>>> g = gt.collection.data["celegansneural"]
>>> state = gt.minimize_nested_blockmodel_dl(g, deg_corr=True, overlap=True)
>>> state.draw(output="celegans_nested_mdl_overlap.pdf")
(...)


Overlapping block partition of the C. elegans neural network, which minimizes the description length of the network according to the nested overlapping degree-corrected stochastic blockmodel.

class graph_tool.inference.BlockState(g, eweight=None, vweight=None, rec=None, rec_type=None, rec_params={}, b=None, B=None, clabel=None, pclabel=None, deg_corr=True, allow_empty=False, max_BE=1000, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: object

The stochastic block model state of a given graph.

Parameters: Graph to be modelled. eweight : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Edge multiplicities (for multigraphs or block graphs). vweight : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Vertex multiplicities (for block graphs). rec : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Real-valued edge covariates. rec_type : “positive”, “signed”, “discrete_geometric”, “discrete_poisson” or None (optional, default: None) Type of edge covariates. If not specified, it will be guessed from rec. rec_params : dict (optional, default: {}) Model hyperparameters for real-valued covariates. This should be a dict with keys in the list ["alpha", "beta"] if rec_type is one of "positive", "discrete-geometric", "discrete-poisson" or ["m0", "k0", "v0". "nu0"] if rec_type == "signed". b : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Initial block labels on the vertices. If not supplied, it will be randomly sampled. B : int (optional, default: None) Number of blocks (or vertex groups). If not supplied it will be obtained from the parameter b. clabel : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Constraint labels on the vertices. If supplied, vertices with different label values will not be clustered in the same group. pclabel : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Partition constraint labels on the vertices. This has the same interpretation as clabel, but will be used to compute the partition description length. deg_corr : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the degree-corrected version of the blockmodel ensemble will be assumed, otherwise the traditional variant will be used. allow_empty : bool (optional, default: True) If True, partition description length computed will allow for empty groups. max_BE : int (optional, default: 1000) If the number of blocks exceeds this value, a sparse matrix is used for the block graph. Otherwise a dense matrix will be used.
add_vertex(v, r)[source]

Add vertex v to block r.

This optionally accepts a list of vertices and blocks to add.

Warning

This can leave the state in an inconsistent state if a vertex is added twice to the same group.

collect_edge_marginals(p=None, update=1)[source]

Collect the edge marginal histogram, which counts the number of times the endpoints of each node have been assigned to a given block pair.

This should be called multiple times, e.g. after repeated runs of the graph_tool.inference.BlockState.mcmc_sweep() function.

Parameters: p : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Edge property map with edge marginals to be updated. If not provided, an empty histogram will be created. update : float (optional, default: 1) Each call increases the current count by the amount given by this parameter. Edge property map with updated edge marginals.

Examples

>>> g = gt.collection.data["polbooks"]
>>> state = gt.BlockState(g, B=4, deg_corr=True)
>>> pe = None
>>> state.mcmc_sweep(niter=1000)   # remove part of the transient
(...)
>>> for i in range(1000):
...     ds, nmoves = state.mcmc_sweep(niter=10)
...     pe = state.collect_edge_marginals(pe)
>>> gt.bethe_entropy(g, pe)[0]
-59.2541131...

collect_partition_histogram(h=None, update=1, unlabel=True)[source]

Collect a histogram of partitions.

This should be called multiple times, e.g. after repeated runs of the graph_tool.inference.BlockState.mcmc_sweep() function.

Parameters: h : PartitionHist (optional, default: None) Partition histogram. If not provided, an empty histogram will be created. update : float (optional, default: 1) Each call increases the current count by the amount given by this parameter. unlabel : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the partition will be relabeled so that only one entry for all its label permutations will be considered in the histogram. h : PartitionHist (optional, default: None) Updated Partition histogram.

Examples

>>> g = gt.collection.data["polbooks"]
>>> state = gt.BlockState(g, B=4, deg_corr=True)
>>> ph = None
>>> state.mcmc_sweep(niter=1000)   # remove part of the transient
(...)
>>> for i in range(1000):
...     ds, nmoves = state.mcmc_sweep(niter=10)
...     ph = state.collect_partition_histogram(ph)
>>> gt.microstate_entropy(ph)
128.055896...

collect_vertex_marginals(p=None, update=1)[source]

Collect the vertex marginal histogram, which counts the number of times a node was assigned to a given block.

This should be called multiple times, e.g. after repeated runs of the graph_tool.inference.BlockState.mcmc_sweep() function.

Parameters: p : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Vertex property map with vector-type values, storing the previous block membership counts. If not provided, an empty histogram will be created. update : int (optional, default: 1) Each call increases the current count by the amount given by this parameter. Vertex property map with vector-type values, storing the accumulated block membership counts.

Examples

>>> g = gt.collection.data["polbooks"]
>>> state = gt.BlockState(g, B=4, deg_corr=True)
>>> pv = None
>>> state.mcmc_sweep(niter=1000)   # remove part of the transient
(...)
>>> for i in range(1000):
...     ds, nmoves = state.mcmc_sweep(niter=10)
...     pv = state.collect_vertex_marginals(pv)
>>> gt.mf_entropy(g, pv)
25.98257...
>>> gt.graph_draw(g, pos=g.vp["pos"], vertex_shape="pie",
...               vertex_pie_fractions=pv, output="polbooks_blocks_soft_B4.pdf")
<...>


“Soft” block partition of a political books network with $$B=4$$.

copy(g=None, eweight=None, vweight=None, b=None, B=None, deg_corr=None, clabel=None, overlap=False, pclabel=None, max_BE=None, **kwargs)[source]

Copies the block state. The parameters override the state properties, and have the same meaning as in the constructor.

draw(**kwargs)[source]

Convenience wrapper to graph_draw() that draws the state of the graph as colors on the vertices and edges.

entropy(adjacency=True, dl=True, partition_dl=True, degree_dl=True, degree_dl_kind='distributed', edges_dl=True, dense=False, multigraph=True, deg_entropy=True, exact=True, **kwargs)[source]

Calculate the entropy associated with the current block partition.

Parameters: adjacency : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the adjacency term of the description length will be included. dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the description length for the parameters will be included. partition_dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and dl == True the partition description length will be included. degree_dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and dl == True the degree sequence description length will be included (for degree-corrected models). degree_dl_kind : str (optional, default: "distributed") This specifies the prior used for the degree sequence. It must be one of: "uniform", "distributed" (default) or "entropy". edges_dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and dl == True the edge matrix description length will be included. dense : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the “dense” variant of the entropy will be computed. multigraph : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the multigraph entropy will be used. deg_entropy : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the degree entropy term that is independent of the network partition will be included (for degree-corrected models). exact : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the exact expressions will be used. Otherwise, Stirling’s factorial approximation will be used for some terms.

Notes

The “entropy” of the state is minus the log-likelihood of the microcanonical SBM, that includes the generated graph $$\boldsymbol{A}$$ and the model parameters $$\boldsymbol{\theta}$$,

$\begin{split}\mathcal{S} &= - \ln P(\boldsymbol{A},\boldsymbol{\theta}) \\ &= - \ln P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{\theta}) - \ln P(\boldsymbol{\theta}).\end{split}$

This value is also called the description length of the data, and it corresponds to the amount of information required to describe it (in nats).

For the traditional blockmodel (deg_corr == False), the model parameters are $$\boldsymbol{\theta} = \{\boldsymbol{e}, \boldsymbol{b}\}$$, where $$\boldsymbol{e}$$ is the matrix of edge counts between blocks, and $$\boldsymbol{b}$$ is the partition of the nodes into blocks. For the degree-corrected blockmodel (deg_corr == True), we have an additional set of parameters, namely the degree sequence $$\boldsymbol{k}$$.

For the traditional blockmodel, the model likelihood is

$\begin{split}P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b}) &= \frac{\prod_{r<s}e_{rs}!\prod_re_{rr}!!}{\prod_rn_r^{e_r}}\times \frac{1}{\prod_{i<j}A_{ij}!\prod_iA_{ii}!!},\\ P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b}) &= \frac{\prod_{rs}e_{rs}!}{\prod_rn_r^{e_r}}\times \frac{1}{\prod_{ij}A_{ij}!},\end{split}$

for undirected and directed graphs, respectively, where $$e_{rs}$$ is the number of edges from block $$r$$ to $$s$$ (or the number of half-edges for the undirected case when $$r=s$$), and $$n_r$$ is the number of vertices in block $$r$$ .

For the degree-corrected variant the equivalent expressions are

$\begin{split}P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b},\boldsymbol{k}) &= \frac{\prod_{r<s}e_{rs}!\prod_re_{rr}!!}{\prod_re_r!}\times \frac{\prod_ik_i!}{\prod_{i<j}A_{ij}!\prod_iA_{ii}!!},\\ P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b},\boldsymbol{k}) &= \frac{\prod_{rs}e_{rs}!}{\prod_re_r^+!\prod_re_r^-!}\times \frac{\prod_ik_i^+!\prod_ik_i^-!}{\prod_{ij}A_{ij}!},\end{split}$

where $$e_r = \sum_se_{rs}$$ is the number of half-edges incident on block $$r$$, and $$e^+_r = \sum_se_{rs}$$ and $$e^-_r = \sum_se_{sr}$$ are the numbers of out- and in-edges adjacent to block $$r$$, respectively.

If exact == False, Stirling’s approximation is used in the above expression.

If dense == True, the likelihood for the non-degree-corrected model becomes instead

$\begin{split}P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b})^{-1} &= \prod_{r<s}{n_rn_s\choose e_{rs}}\prod_r{{n_r\choose 2}\choose e_{rr}/2},\\ P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b})^{-1} &= \prod_{rs}{n_rn_s\choose e_{rs}}\end{split}$

if multigraph == False, otherwise we replace $${n\choose m}\to\left(\!\!{n\choose m}\!\!\right)$$ above, where $$\left(\!\!{n\choose m}\!\!\right) = {n+m-1\choose m}$$. A dense entropy for the degree-corrected model is not available, and if requested will raise a NotImplementedError.

If dl == True, the description length $$\mathcal{L} = -\ln P(\boldsymbol{\theta})$$ of the model will be returned as well. The terms $$P(\boldsymbol{e})$$ and $$P(\boldsymbol{b})$$ are described in described in model_entropy().

For the degree-corrected model we need to specify the prior $$P(\boldsymbol{k})$$ for the degree sequence as well. Here there are three options:

1. degree_dl_kind == "uniform"

$P(\boldsymbol{k}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b}) = \prod_r\left(\!\!{n_r\choose e_r}\!\!\right)^{-1}.$
2. degree_dl_kind == "distributed"

$P(\boldsymbol{k}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b}) = \prod_r\frac{\prod_k\eta_k^r!}{n_r!} \prod_r q(e_r, n_r)^{-1}$

with $$\eta_k^r$$ being the number of nodes with degree $$k$$ in group $$r$$, and $$q(n,m)$$ being the number of partitions of integer $$n$$ into at most $$m$$ parts.

3. degree_dl_kind == "entropy"

$P(\boldsymbol{k}|\boldsymbol{e},\boldsymbol{b}) \approx \prod_r\exp\left(-n_rH(\boldsymbol{k}_r)\right)$

where $$H(\boldsymbol{k}_r) = -\sum_kp_r(k)\ln p_r(k)$$ is the entropy of the degree distribution inside block $$r$$.

Note that, differently from the other two choices, this represents only an approximation of the description length. It is meant to be used only for comparison purposes, and should be avoided in practice.

For the directed case, the above expressions are duplicated for the in- and out-degrees.

exhaustive_sweep(entropy_args={}, callback=None, density=None, vertices=None, initial_partition=None, max_iter=None)[source]

Perform an exhaustive loop over all possible network partitions.

Parameters: entropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy(). callback : callable object (optional, default: None) Function to be called for each partition, with three arguments (S, S_min, b_min) corresponding to the the current entropy value, the minimum entropy value so far, and the corresponding partition, respectively. If not provided, and hist is None an iterator over the same values will be returned instead. density : tuple (optional, default: None) If provided, it should contain a tuple with values (S_min, S_max, n_bins), which will be used to obtain the density of states via a histogram of size n_bins. This parameter is ignored unless callback is None. vertices : iterable of ints (optional, default: None) If provided, this should be a list of vertices which will be moved. Otherwise, all vertices will. initial_partition : iterable of ints (optional, default: None) If provided, this will provide the initial partition for the iteration. max_iter : int (optional, default: None) If provided, this will limit the total number of iterations. states : iterator over (S, S_min, b_min) If callback is None and hist is None, the function will return an iterator over (S, S_min, b_min) corresponding to the the current entropy value, the minimum entropy value so far, and the corresponding partition, respectively. Ss, counts : pair of numpy.ndarray If callback is None and hist is not None, the function will return the values of each bin (Ss) and the state count of each bin (counts). b_min : PropertyMap If callback is not None or hist is not None, the function will also return partition with smallest entropy.

Notes

This algorithm has an $$O(B^N)$$ complexity, where $$B$$ is the number of blocks, and $$N$$ is the number of vertices.

get_B()[source]

Returns the total number of blocks.

get_E()[source]

Returns the total number of edges.

get_N()[source]

Returns the total number of nodes.

get_bclabel(clabel=None)[source]

Returns a PropertyMap corresponding to constraint labels for the block graph.

get_bg()[source]

Returns the block graph.

get_block_state(b=None, vweight=False, **kwargs)[source]

Returns a BlockState corresponding to the block graph (i.e. the blocks of the current state become the nodes). The parameters have the same meaning as the in the constructor. If vweight == True the nodes of the block state are weighted with the node counts.

get_blocks()[source]

Returns the property map which contains the block labels for each vertex.

get_bpclabel()[source]

Returns a PropertyMap corresponding to partition constraint labels for the block graph.

get_edges_prob(missing, spurious=[], entropy_args={})[source]

Compute the joint log-probability of the missing and spurious edges given by missing and spurious (a list of (source, target) tuples, or Edge() instances), together with the observed edges.

More precisely, the log-likelihood returned is

$\ln P(oldsymbol G + \delta oldsymbol G | oldsymbol b)$

where $$oldsymbol G + \delta oldsymbol G$$ is the modified graph (with missing edges added and spurious edges deleted).

The values in entropy_args are passed to graph_tool.BlockState.entropy() to calculate the log-probability.

get_er()[source]

Returns the vertex property map of the block graph which contains the number $$e_r$$ of half-edges incident on block $$r$$. If the graph is directed, a pair of property maps is returned, with the number of out-edges $$e^+_r$$ and in-edges $$e^-_r$$, respectively.

get_ers()[source]

Returns the edge property map of the block graph which contains the $$e_{rs}$$ matrix entries. For undirected graphs, the diagonal values (self-loops) contain $$e_{rr}/2$$.

get_matrix()[source]

Returns the block matrix (as a sparse csr_matrix), which contains the number of edges between each block pair.

Warning

This corresponds to the adjacency matrix of the block graph, which by convention includes twice the amount of edges in the diagonal entries if the graph is undirected.

Examples

>>> g = gt.collection.data["polbooks"]
>>> state = gt.BlockState(g, B=5, deg_corr=True)
>>> state.mcmc_sweep(niter=1000)
(...)
>>> m = state.get_matrix()
>>> figure()
<...>
>>> matshow(m.todense())
<...>
>>> savefig("bloc_mat.pdf")


A 5x5 block matrix.

get_move_prob(v, s, c=1.0, reverse=False)[source]

Compute the probability of a move proposal for vertex v to block s according to sampling parameter c, as obtained with graph_tool.inference.BlockState.sample_vertex_move(). If reverse == True, the reverse probability of moving the node back from block s to its current one is obtained.

get_nonempty_B()[source]

Returns the total number of nonempty blocks.

get_nr()[source]

Returns the vertex property map of the block graph which contains the block sizes $$n_r$$.

gibbs_sweep(beta=1.0, niter=1, entropy_args={}, allow_vacate=True, sequential=True, parallel=False, vertices=None, verbose=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a rejection-free Gibbs sampling MCMC to sample network partitions.

Parameters: beta : float (optional, default: 1.) Inverse temperature. niter : int (optional, default: 1) Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is made for each node. entropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy(). allow_vacate : bool (optional, default: True) Allow groups to be vacated. sequential : bool (optional, default: True) If sequential == True each vertex move attempt is made sequentially, where vertices are visited in random order. Otherwise the moves are attempted by sampling vertices randomly, so that the same vertex can be moved more than once, before other vertices had the chance to move. parallel : bool (optional, default: False) If parallel == True, vertex movements are attempted in parallel. Warning If parallel == True, the asymptotic exactness of the MCMC sampling is not guaranteed. vertices : list of ints (optional, default: None) If provided, this should be a list of vertices which will be moved. Otherwise, all vertices will. verbose : bool (optional, default: False) If verbose == True, detailed information will be displayed. dS : float Entropy difference after the sweeps. nmoves : int Number of vertices moved.

Notes

This algorithm has an $$O(E\times B)$$ complexity, where $$B$$ is the number of blocks, and $$E$$ is the number of edges.

mcmc_sweep(beta=1.0, c=1.0, niter=1, entropy_args={}, allow_vacate=True, sequential=True, parallel=False, vertices=None, verbose=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance-rejection sampling MCMC to sample network partitions.

Parameters: beta : float (optional, default: 1.) Inverse temperature. c : float (optional, default: 1.) Sampling parameter c for move proposals: For $$c\to 0$$ the blocks are sampled according to the local neighbourhood of a given node and their block connections; for $$c\to\infty$$ the blocks are sampled randomly. Note that only for $$c > 0$$ the MCMC is guaranteed to be ergodic. niter : int (optional, default: 1) Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is made for each node. entropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy(). allow_vacate : bool (optional, default: True) Allow groups to be vacated. sequential : bool (optional, default: True) If sequential == True each vertex move attempt is made sequentially, where vertices are visited in random order. Otherwise the moves are attempted by sampling vertices randomly, so that the same vertex can be moved more than once, before other vertices had the chance to move. parallel : bool (optional, default: False) If parallel == True, vertex movements are attempted in parallel. Warning If parallel == True, the asymptotic exactness of the MCMC sampling is not guaranteed. vertices : list of ints (optional, default: None) If provided, this should be a list of vertices which will be moved. Otherwise, all vertices will. verbose : bool (optional, default: False) If verbose == True, detailed information will be displayed. dS : float Entropy difference after the sweeps. nmoves : int Number of vertices moved.

Notes

This algorithm has an $$O(E)$$ complexity, where $$E$$ is the number of edges (independent of the number of blocks).

References

 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378
merge_sweep(nmerges=1, niter=10, entropy_args={}, parallel=True, verbose=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform niter merge sweeps, where block nodes are progressively merged together in a manner that least increases the entropy.

Parameters: nmerges : int (optional, default: 1) Number block nodes to merge. niter : int (optional, default: 1) Number of merge attempts to perform for each block node, before the best one is selected. entropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy(). parallel : bool (optional, default: True) If parallel == True, the merge candidates are obtained in parallel. verbose : bool (optional, default: False) If verbose == True, detailed information will be displayed. dS : float Entropy difference after the sweeps. nmoves : int Number of vertices merged.

Notes

This function should only be called for block states, obtained from graph_tool.inference.BlockState.get_block_state().

References

 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378
merge_vertices(u, v)[source]

Merge vertex u into v.

Warning

This modifies the underlying graph.

move_vertex(v, s)[source]

Move vertex v to block s.

This optionally accepts a list of vertices and blocks to move simultaneously.

multicanonical_sweep(m_state, c=inf, niter=1, entropy_args={}, allow_vacate=True, vertices=None, verbose=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a non-Markovian multicanonical sampling using the Wang-Landau algorithm.

Parameters: m_state : MulticanonicalState MulticanonicalState instance containing the current state of the Wang-Landau run. c : float (optional, default: numpy.inf) Sampling parameter c for move proposals: For $$c\to 0$$ the blocks are sampled according to the local neighbourhood of a given node and their block connections; for $$c\to\infty$$ the blocks are sampled randomly. Note that only for $$c > 0$$ the MCMC is guaranteed to be ergodic. niter : int (optional, default: 1) Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is made for each node. entropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy(). allow_vacate : bool (optional, default: True) Allow groups to be vacated. vertices : list of ints (optional, default: None) If provided, this should be a list of vertices which will be moved. Otherwise, all vertices will. verbose : bool (optional, default: False) If verbose == True, detailed information will be displayed. dS : float Entropy difference after the sweeps. nmoves : int Number of vertices moved.

Notes

This algorithm has an $$O(E)$$ complexity, where $$E$$ is the number of edges (independent of the number of blocks).

References

 [wang-efficient-2001] Fugao Wang, D. P. Landau, “An efficient, multiple range random walk algorithm to calculate the density of states”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2050 (2001), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2050, arXiv: cond-mat/0011174
 [belardinelli-wang-2007] R. E. Belardinelli, V. D. Pereyra, “Wang-Landau algorithm: A theoretical analysis of the saturation of the error”, J. Chem. Phys. 127, 184105 (2007), DOI: 10.1063/1.2803061, arXiv: cond-mat/0702414
multiflip_mcmc_sweep(beta=1.0, a=1, c=1.0, niter=1, entropy_args={}, allow_vacate=True, verbose=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance-rejection sampling MCMC with multiple moves to sample network partitions.

Parameters: beta : float (optional, default: 1.) Inverse temperature. a : float (optional, default: 1.) Parameter for the number of multiple moves. The number $$m$$ of nodes that will be moved together is sampled with probability proportional to $$1/m^a$$. c : float (optional, default: 1.) Sampling parameter c for move proposals: For $$c\to 0$$ the blocks are sampled according to the local neighbourhood of a given node and their block connections; for $$c\to\infty$$ the blocks are sampled randomly. Note that only for $$c > 0$$ the MCMC is guaranteed to be ergodic. niter : int (optional, default: 1) Number of sweeps to perform. During each sweep, a move attempt is made for each node. entropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Entropy arguments, with the same meaning and defaults as in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy(). allow_vacate : bool (optional, default: True) Allow groups to be vacated. verbose : bool (optional, default: False) If verbose == True, detailed information will be displayed. dS : float Entropy difference after the sweeps. nmoves : int Number of vertices moved.

Notes

This algorithm has an $$O(E)$$ complexity, where $$E$$ is the number of edges (independent of the number of blocks).

remove_vertex(v)[source]

Remove vertex v from its current group.

This optionally accepts a list of vertices to remove.

Warning

This will leave the state in an inconsistent state before the vertex is returned to some other group, or if the same vertex is removed twice.

sample_vertex_move(v, c=1.0)[source]

Sample block membership proposal of vertex v according to real-valued sampling parameter c: For $$c\to 0$$ the blocks are sampled according to the local neighbourhood and their connections; for $$c\to\infty$$ the blocks are sampled randomly.

set_blocks(b)[source]

Sets the internal partition of the state.

shrink(B, **kwargs)[source]

Reduces the order of current state by progressively merging groups, until only B are left. All remaining keyword arguments are passed to graph_tool.inference.BlockState.merge_sweep().

This function leaves the current state untouched and returns instead a copy with the new partition.

virtual_vertex_move(v, s, **kwargs)[source]

Computes the entropy difference if vertex v is moved to block s. The remaining parameters are the same as in graph_tool.BlockState.entropy().

class graph_tool.inference.OverlapBlockState(g, rec=None, rec_type=None, rec_params={}, b=None, B=None, clabel=None, pclabel=None, deg_corr=True, allow_empty=True, max_BE=1000, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: graph_tool.inference.blockmodel.BlockState

The overlapping stochastic block model state of a given graph.

Parameters: Graph to be modelled. rec : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Real-valued edge covariates. rec_type : “positive”, “signed” or None (optional, default: None) Type of edge covariates. If not specified, it will be guessed from rec. rec_params : dict (optional, default: {}) Model hyperparameters for real-valued covariates. This should be a dict with keys in the list ["alpha", "beta"] if rec_type == positive or ["m0", "k0", "v0". "nu0"] if rec_type == signed. b : PropertyMap or numpy.ndarray (optional, default: None) Initial block labels on the vertices or half-edges. If not supplied, it will be randomly sampled. If the value passed is a vertex property map, it will be assumed to be a non-overlapping partition of the vertices. If it is an edge property map, it should contain a vector for each edge, with the block labels at each end point (sorted according to their vertex index, in the case of undirected graphs, otherwise from source to target). If the value is an numpy.ndarray, it will be assumed to correspond directly to a partition of the list of half-edges. B : int (optional, default: None) Number of blocks (or vertex groups). If not supplied it will be obtained from the parameter b. clabel : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Constraint labels on the vertices. If supplied, vertices with different label values will not be clustered in the same group. deg_corr : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the degree-corrected version of the blockmodel ensemble will be assumed, otherwise the traditional variant will be used. allow_empty : bool (optional, default: True) If True, partition description length computed will allow for empty groups. max_BE : int (optional, default: 1000) If the number of blocks exceeds this number, a sparse representation of the block graph is used, which is slightly less efficient, but uses less memory,
copy(g=None, rec=None, rec_type=None, rec_params=None, b=None, B=None, deg_corr=None, clabel=None, pclabel=None, **kwargs)[source]

Copies the block state. The parameters override the state properties, and have the same meaning as in the constructor. If overlap=False an instance of BlockState is returned. This is by default a shallow copy.

draw(**kwargs)[source]

Convenience wrapper to graph_draw() that draws the state of the graph as colors on the vertices and edges.

entropy(adjacency=True, dl=True, partition_dl=True, degree_dl=True, degree_dl_kind='distributed', edges_dl=True, dense=False, multigraph=True, deg_entropy=True, exact=True, **kwargs)[source]

Calculate the entropy associated with the current block partition.

Parameters: adjacency : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the adjacency term of the description length will be included. dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the description length for the parameters will be included. partition_dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and dl == True the partition description length will be included. degree_dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and dl == True the degree sequence description length will be included (for degree-corrected models). degree_dl_kind : str (optional, default: "distributed") This specifies the prior used for the degree sequence. It must be one of: "uniform", "distributed" (default) or "entropy". edges_dl : bool (optional, default: True) If True, and dl == True the edge matrix description length will be included. dense : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the “dense” variant of the entropy will be computed. multigraph : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the multigraph entropy will be used. deg_entropy : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the degree entropy term that is independent of the network partition will be included (for degree-corrected models). exact : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the exact expressions will be used. Otherwise, Stirling’s factorial approximation will be used for some terms.

Notes

The “entropy” of the state is minus the log-likelihood of the microcanonical SBM, that includes the generated graph $$\boldsymbol{A}$$ and the model parameters $$\boldsymbol{\theta}$$,

$\begin{split}\mathcal{S} &= - \ln P(\boldsymbol{A},\boldsymbol{\theta}) \\ &= - \ln P(\boldsymbol{A}|\boldsymbol{\theta}) - \ln P(\boldsymbol{\theta}).\end{split}$

This value is also called the description length of the data, and it corresponds to the amount of information required to describe it (in nats).

For the traditional blockmodel (deg_corr == False), the model parameters are $$\boldsymbol{\theta} = \{\boldsymbol{e}, \boldsymbol{b}\}$$, where $$\boldsymbol{e}$$ is the matrix of edge counts between blocks, and $$\boldsymbol{b}$$ is the overlapping partition of the nodes into blocks. For the degree-corrected blockmodel (deg_corr == True), we have an additional set of parameters, namely the labelled degree sequence $$\boldsymbol{k}$$.

The model likelihood $$P(\boldsymbol{A}|\theta)$$ is given analogously to the non-overlapping case, as described in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy().

If dl == True, the description length $$\mathcal{L} = -\ln P(\boldsymbol{\theta})$$ of the model will be returned as well. The edge-count prior $$P(\boldsymbol{e})$$ is described in described in model_entropy(). For the overlapping partition $$P(\boldsymbol{b})$$, we have

$-\ln P(\boldsymbol{b}) = \ln\left(\!\!{D \choose N}\!\!\right) + \sum_d \ln {\left(\!\!{{B\choose d}\choose n_d}\!\!\right)} + \ln N! - \sum_{\vec{b}}\ln n_{\vec{b}}!,$

where $$d \equiv |\vec{b}|_1 = \sum_rb_r$$ is the mixture size, $$n_d$$ is the number of nodes in a mixture of size $$d$$, $$D$$ is the maximum value of $$d$$, $$n_{\vec{b}}$$ is the number of nodes in mixture $$\vec{b}$$.

For the degree-corrected model we need to specify the prior $$P(\boldsymbol{k})$$ for the labelled degree sequence as well:

$-\ln P(\boldsymbol{k}) = \sum_r\ln\left(\!\!{m_r \choose e_r}\!\!\right) - \sum_{\vec{b}}\ln P(\boldsymbol{k}|{\vec{b}}),$

where $$m_r$$ is the number of non-empty mixtures which contain type $$r$$, and $$P(\boldsymbol{k}|{\vec{b}})$$ is the likelihood of the labelled degree sequence inside mixture $$\vec{b}$$. For this term we have three options:

1. degree_dl_kind == "uniform"

$P(\boldsymbol{k}|\vec{b}) = \prod_r\left(\!\!{n_{\vec{b}}\choose e^r_{\vec{b}}}\!\!\right)^{-1}.$
2. degree_dl_kind == "distributed"

$P(\boldsymbol{k}|\vec{b}) = \prod_{\vec{b}}\frac{\prod_{\vec{k}}\eta_{\vec{k}}^{\vec{b}}!}{n_{\vec{b}}!} \prod_r q(e_{\vec{b}}^r, n_{\vec{b}})$

where $$n^{\vec{b}}_{\vec{k}}$$ is the number of nodes in mixture $$\vec{b}$$ with labelled degree $$\vec{k}$$, and $$q(n,m)$$ is the number of partitions of integer $$n$$ into at most $$m$$ parts.

3. degree_dl_kind == "entropy"

$P(\boldsymbol{k}|\vec{b}) = \prod_{\vec{b}}\exp\left(-n_{\vec{b}}H(\boldsymbol{k}_{\vec{b}})\right)$

where $$H(\boldsymbol{k}_{\vec{b}}) = -\sum_{\vec{k}}p_{\vec{b}}(\vec{k})\ln p_{\vec{b}}(\vec{k})$$ is the entropy of the labelled degree distribution inside mixture $$\vec{b}$$.

Note that, differently from the other two choices, this represents only an approximation of the description length. It is meant to be used only for comparison purposes, and should be avoided in practice.

For the directed case, the above expressions are duplicated for the in- and out-degrees.

get_B()[source]

Returns the total number of blocks.

get_E()[source]

Returns the total number of edges.

get_N()[source]

Returns the total number of nodes.

get_block_state(b=None, vweight=False, deg_corr=False, **kwargs)[source]

Returns a BlockState corresponding to the block graph. The parameters have the same meaning as the in the constructor.

get_edge_blocks()[source]

Returns an edge property map which contains the block labels pairs for each edge.

get_majority_blocks()[source]

Returns a scalar-valued vertex property map with the majority block membership of each node.

get_nonempty_B()[source]

Returns the total number of nonempty blocks.

get_nonoverlap_blocks()[source]

Returns a scalar-valued vertex property map with the block mixture represented as a single number.

get_overlap_blocks()[source]

Returns the mixed membership of each vertex.

Returns: A vector-valued vertex property map containing the block memberships of each node. bc_in : PropertyMap The labelled in-degrees of each node, i.e. how many in-edges belong to each group, in the same order as the bv property above. bc_out : PropertyMap The labelled out-degrees of each node, i.e. how many out-edges belong to each group, in the same order as the bv property above. bc_total : PropertyMap The labelled total degrees of each node, i.e. how many incident edges belong to each group, in the same order as the bv property above.
mcmc_sweep(bundled=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings rejection sampling MCMC to sample network partitions. If bundled == True, the half-edges incident of the same node that belong to the same group are moved together. All remaining parameters are passed to graph_tool.inference.BlockState.mcmc_sweep().

shrink(B, **kwargs)[source]

Reduces the order of current state by progressively merging groups, until only B are left. All remaining keyword arguments are passed to graph_tool.inference.BlockState.merge_sweep().

This function leaves the current state untouched and returns instead a copy with the new partition.

class graph_tool.inference.LayeredBlockState(g, ec, eweight=None, vweight=None, rec=None, rec_type=None, rec_params={}, b=None, B=None, clabel=None, pclabel=False, layers=False, deg_corr=True, overlap=False, allow_empty=False, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: graph_tool.inference.overlap_blockmodel.OverlapBlockState, graph_tool.inference.blockmodel.BlockState

The (possibly overlapping) block state of a given graph, where the edges are divided into discrete layers.

Parameters: Graph to be modelled. containing discrete edge covariates that will split the network in discrete layers. rec : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Real-valued edge covariates. rec_type : “positive”, “signed” or None (optional, default: None) Type of edge covariates. If not specified, it will be guessed from rec. rec_params : dict (optional, default: {}) Model hyperparameters for real-valued covariates. This should be a dict with keys in the list ["alpha", "beta"] if rec_type == positive or ["m0", "k0", "v0". "nu0"] if rec_type == signed. eweight : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Edge multiplicities (for multigraphs or block graphs). vweight : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Vertex multiplicities (for block graphs). b : PropertyMap or numpy.ndarray (optional, default: None) Initial block labels on the vertices or half-edges. If not supplied, it will be randomly sampled. B : int (optional, default: None) Number of blocks (or vertex groups). If not supplied it will be obtained from the parameter b. clabel : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Constraint labels on the vertices. If supplied, vertices with different label values will not be clustered in the same group. pclabel : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Partition constraint labels on the vertices. This has the same interpretation as clabel, but will be used to compute the partition description length. layers : bool (optional, default: False) If layers == True, the “independent layers” version of the model is used, instead of the “edge covariates” version. deg_corr : bool (optional, default: True) If True, the degree-corrected version of the blockmodel ensemble will be assumed, otherwise the traditional variant will be used. overlap : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the overlapping version of the model will be used. allow_empty : bool (optional, default: True) If True, partition description length computed will allow for empty groups. max_BE : int (optional, default: 1000) If the number of blocks exceeds this value, a sparse matrix is used for the block graph. Otherwise a dense matrix will be used.
copy(g=None, eweight=None, vweight=None, b=None, B=None, deg_corr=None, clabel=None, pclabel=None, overlap=None, layers=None, ec=None, **kwargs)[source]

Copies the block state. The parameters override the state properties, and have the same meaning as in the constructor.

draw(**kwargs)[source]

Convenience function to draw the current state. All keyword arguments are passed to graph_tool.inference.BlockState.draw() or graph_tool.inference.OverlapBlockState.draw(), as appropriate.

entropy(adjacency=True, dl=True, partition_dl=True, degree_dl=True, degree_dl_kind='distributed', edges_dl=True, dense=False, multigraph=True, deg_entropy=True, exact=True, **kwargs)[source]

Calculate the entropy associated with the current block partition. The meaning of the parameters are the same as in graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy().

get_B()[source]

Returns the total number of blocks.

get_E()[source]

Returns the total number of nodes.

get_N()[source]

Returns the total number of edges.

get_bg()[source]

Returns the block graph.

get_block_state(b=None, vweight=False, deg_corr=False, overlap=False, layers=True, **kwargs)[source]

Returns a LayeredBlockState corresponding to the block graph. The parameters have the same meaning as the in the constructor.

get_edge_blocks()[source]

Returns an edge property map which contains the block labels pairs for each edge.

get_edges_prob(missing, spurious=[], entropy_args={})[source]

Compute the joint log-probability of the missing and spurious edges given by missing and spurious (a list of (source, target, layer) tuples, or Edge() instances), together with the observed edges.

More precisely, the log-likelihood returned is

$\ln P(oldsymbol G + \delta oldsymbol G | oldsymbol b)$

where $$oldsymbol G + \delta oldsymbol G$$ is the modified graph (with missing edges added and spurious edges deleted).

The values in entropy_args are passed to graph_tool.BlockState.entropy() to calculate the log-probability.

get_majority_blocks()[source]

Returns a scalar-valued vertex property map with the majority block membership of each node.

get_nonempty_B()[source]

Returns the total number of nonempty blocks.

get_nonoverlap_blocks()[source]

Returns a scalar-valued vertex property map with the block mixture represented as a single number.

get_overlap_blocks()[source]

Returns the mixed membership of each vertex.

Returns: A vector-valued vertex property map containing the block memberships of each node. bc_in : PropertyMap The labelled in-degrees of each node, i.e. how many in-edges belong to each group, in the same order as the bv property above. bc_out : PropertyMap The labelled out-degrees of each node, i.e. how many out-edges belong to each group, in the same order as the bv property above. bc_total : PropertyMap The labelled total degrees of each node, i.e. how many incident edges belong to each group, in the same order as the bv property above.
mcmc_sweep(bundled=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings rejection sampling MCMC to sample network partitions. If bundled == True and the state is an overlapping one, the half-edges incident of the same node that belong to the same group are moved together. All remaining parameters are passed to graph_tool.inference.BlockState.mcmc_sweep().

shrink(B, **kwargs)[source]

Reduces the order of current state by progressively merging groups, until only B are left. All remaining keyword arguments are passed to graph_tool.inference.BlockState.shrink() or graph_tool.inference.OverlapBlockState.shrink(), as appropriate.

This function leaves the current state untouched and returns instead a copy with the new partition.

class graph_tool.inference.NestedBlockState(g, bs, base_type=<class 'graph_tool.inference.blockmodel.BlockState'>, state_args={}, hstate_args={}, hentropy_args={}, sampling=False, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: object

The nested stochastic block model state of a given graph.

Parameters: Graph to be modeled. bs : list of PropertyMap or numpy.ndarray Hierarchical node partition. base_type : type (optional, default: BlockState) State type for lowermost level (e.g. BlockState, OverlapBlockState or LayeredBlockState) hstate_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Keyword arguments to be passed to the constructor of the higher-level states. hentropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Keyword arguments to be passed to the entropy() method of the higher-level states. sampling : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the state will be properly prepared for MCMC sampling (as opposed to minimization). state_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Keyword arguments to be passed to base type constructor. **kwargs : keyword arguments Keyword arguments to be passed to base type constructor. The state_args parameter overrides this.
add_vertex(v, r)[source]

Add vertex v to block r.

This optionally accepts a list of vertices and blocks to add.

Warning

This can leave the state in an inconsistent state if a vertex is added twice to the same group.

collect_partition_histogram(h=None, update=1)[source]

Collect a histogram of partitions.

This should be called multiple times, e.g. after repeated runs of the graph_tool.inference.NestedBlockState.mcmc_sweep() function.

Parameters: h : PartitionHist (optional, default: None) Partition histogram. If not provided, an empty histogram will be created. update : float (optional, default: 1) Each call increases the current count by the amount given by this parameter. h : PartitionHist (optional, default: None) Updated Partition histogram.
copy(g=None, bs=None, state_args=None, hstate_args=None, hentropy_args=None, sampling=None, **kwargs)[source]

Copies the block state. The parameters override the state properties, and have the same meaning as in the constructor.

delete_level(l)[source]

Delete level l.

draw(**kwargs)[source]

Convenience wrapper to draw_hierarchy() that draws the hierarchical state.

duplicate_level(l)[source]

Duplicate level l.

entropy(**kwargs)[source]

Compute the entropy of whole hierarchy.

The keyword arguments are passed to the entropy() method of the underlying state objects (e.g. graph_tool.inference.BlockState.entropy, graph_tool.inference.OverlapBlockState.entropy, or graph_tool.inference.LayeredBlockState.entropy).

find_new_level(l, sparse_thres=100, bisection_args={}, B_min=None, B_max=None, b_min=None, b_max=None)[source]

Attempt to find a better network partition at level l, using bisection_minimize() with arguments given by bisection_args.

If the number of nodes is larger than sparse_thres, the graph is treated as a sparse graph for minimization purposes (the full entropy is always computed exactly).

get_bs()[source]

Get hierarchy levels as a list of numpy.ndarray objects with the group memberships at each level.

get_bstack()[source]

Return the nested levels as individual graphs.

This returns a list of Graph instances representing the inferred hierarchy at each level. Each graph has two internal vertex and edge property maps named “count” which correspond to the vertex and edge counts at the lower level, respectively. Additionally, an internal vertex property map named “b” specifies the block partition.

get_clabel(l)[source]

Get clabel for level l.

get_edges_prob(missing, spurious=[], entropy_args={})[source]

Compute the joint log-probability of the missing and spurious edges given by missing and spurious (a list of (source, target) tuples, or Edge() instances), together with the observed edges.

More precisely, the log-likelihood returned is

$\ln P(oldsymbol G + \delta oldsymbol G | oldsymbol b)$

where $$oldsymbol G + \delta oldsymbol G$$ is the modified graph (with missing edges added and spurious edges deleted).

The values in entropy_args are passed to graph_tool.BlockState.entropy() to calculate the log-probability.

get_levels()[source]

Get hierarchy levels as a list of BlockState instances.

gibbs_sweep(**kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a rejection-free Gibbs MCMC to sample network partitions.

The arguments accepted are the same as in :method:graph_tool.inference.BlockState.gibbs_sweep.

level_entropy(l, bstate=None, **kwargs)[source]

Compute the entropy of level l.

mcmc_sweep(**kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance-rejection MCMC to sample hierarchical network partitions.

The arguments accepted are the same as in :method:graph_tool.inference.BlockState.mcmc_sweep.

If the parameter c is a scalar, the values used at each level are c * 2 ** l for l in the range [0, L-1]. Optionally, a list of values may be passed instead, which specifies the value of c[l] to be used at each level.

move_vertex(v, s)[source]

Move vertex v to block s.

multicanonical_sweep(**kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a non-Markovian multicanonical sampling using the Wang-Landau algorithm.

The arguments accepted are the same as in :method:graph_tool.inference.BlockState.multicanonical_sweep.

multiflip_mcmc_sweep(**kwargs)[source]

Perform niter sweeps of a Metropolis-Hastings acceptance-rejection MCMC with multiple moves to sample hierarchical network partitions.

The arguments accepted are the same as in :method:graph_tool.inference.BlockState.multiflip_mcmc_sweep.

If the parameter c is a scalar, the values used at each level are c * 2 ** l for l in the range [0, L-1]. Optionally, a list of values may be passed instead, which specifies the value of c[l] to be used at each level.

print_summary()[source]

Print a hierarchy summary.

project_level(l)[source]

Project the partition at level l onto the lowest level, and return the corresponding state.

project_partition(j, l)[source]

Project partition of level j onto level l, and return it.

propagate_clabel(l)[source]

Project base clabel to level l.

remove_vertex(v)[source]

Remove vertex v from its current group.

This optionally accepts a list of vertices to remove.

Warning

This will leave the state in an inconsistent state before the vertex is returned to some other group, or if the same vertex is removed twice.

replace_level(l, b)[source]

Replace level l given the new partition b

graph_tool.inference.mcmc_equilibrate(state, wait=1000, nbreaks=2, max_niter=inf, force_niter=None, epsilon=0, gibbs=False, multiflip=False, block_moves=False, mcmc_args={}, entropy_args={}, history=False, callback=None, verbose=False)[source]

Equilibrate a MCMC with a given starting state.

Parameters: state : Any state class (e.g. BlockState) Initial state. This state will be modified during the algorithm. wait : int (optional, default: 1000) Number of iterations to wait for a record-breaking event. nbreaks : int (optional, default: 2) Number of iteration intervals (of size wait) without record-breaking events necessary to stop the algorithm. max_niter : int (optional, default: numpy.inf) Maximum number of iterations. force_niter : int (optional, default: None) If given, will force the algorithm to run this exact number of iterations. epsilon : float (optional, default: 0) Relative changes in entropy smaller than epsilon will not be considered as record-breaking. gibbs : bool (optional, default: False) If True, each step will call state.gibbs_sweep instead of state.mcmc_sweep. gibbs : bool (optional, default: False) If True, each step will call state.multiflip_mcmc_sweep instead of state.mcmc_sweep. block_moves : bool (optional, default: False) If True, each iteration will be accompanied by a “block move”, where all vertices of the same group are moved simultaneously. mcmc_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to state.mcmc_sweep (or state.gibbs_sweep). history : bool (optional, default: False) If True, a list of tuples of the form (iteration, entropy) will be kept and returned. callback : function (optional, default: None) If given, this function will be called after each iteration. The function must accept the current state as an argument, and its return value must be either None or a (possibly empty) list of values that will be append to the history, if history == True. verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. history : list of tuples of the form (iteration, entropy) Summary of the MCMC run. This is returned only if history == True. entropy : float Current entropy value after run. This is returned only if history == False. nmoves : int Number of node moves.

Notes

The MCMC equilibration is attempted by keeping track of the maximum and minimum values, and waiting sufficiently long without a record-breaking event.

This function calls state.mcmc_sweep (or state.gibbs_sweep) at each iteration (e.g. graph_tool.inference.BlockState.mcmc_sweep() and graph_tool.inference.BlockState.gibbs_sweep()), and keeps track of the value of state.entropy(**args) with args corresponding to mcmc_args["entropy_args"].

References

 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378
graph_tool.inference.mcmc_anneal(state, beta_range=(1.0, 10.0), niter=100, history=False, mcmc_equilibrate_args={}, verbose=False)[source]

Equilibrate a MCMC at a specified target temperature by performing simulated annealing.

Parameters: state : Any state class (e.g. BlockState) Initial state. This state will be modified during the algorithm. beta_range : tuple of two floats (optional, default: (1., 10.)) Inverse temperature range. niter : int (optional, default: 100) Number of steps (in logspace) from the starting temperature to the final one. history : bool (optional, default: False) If True, a list of tuples of the form (iteration, beta, entropy) mcmc_equilibrate_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_equilibrate(). verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. history : list of tuples of the form (iteration, beta, entropy) Summary of the MCMC run. This is returned only if history == True. entropy : float Current entropy value after run. This is returned only if history == False. nmoves : int Number of node moves.

Notes

This algorithm employs exponential cooling, where the value of beta is multiplied by a constant at each iteration, so that starting from beta_range[0] the value of beta_range[1] is reached after niter iterations.

At each iteration, the function mcmc_equilibrate() is called with the current value of beta (via the mcmc_args parameter).

References

 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378
graph_tool.inference.mcmc_multilevel(state, B, r=2, b_cache=None, anneal=False, mcmc_equilibrate_args={}, anneal_args={}, shrink_args={}, verbose=False)[source]

Equilibrate a MCMC from a starting state with a higher order, by performing successive agglomerative initializations and equilibrations until the desired order is reached, such that metastable states are avoided.

Parameters: state : Any state class (e.g. BlockState) Initial state. This state will not be modified during the algorithm. B : int Desired model order (i.e. number of groups). r : int (optional, default: 2) Greediness of agglomeration. At each iteration, the state order will be reduced by a factor r. b_cache : dict (optional, default: None) If specified, this should be a dictionary with key-value pairs of the form (B, state) that contain pre-computed states of the specified order. This dictionary will be modified during the algorithm. anneal : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the equilibration steps will use simulated annealing, by calling mcmc_anneal(), instead of mcmc_equilibrate(). mcmc_equilibrate_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_equilibrate(). mcmc_anneal_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_anneal(). shrink_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to state.shrink (e.g. graph_tool.inference.BlockState.shrink()). verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. state : The same type as parameter state This is the final state after the MCMC run.

Notes

This algorithm alternates between equilibrating the MCMC state and reducing the state order (via calls to state.shrink, e.g. graph_tool.inference.BlockState.shrink()).

This greatly reduces the changes of getting trapped in metastable states if the starting point if far away from equilibrium, as discussed in [peixoto-efficient-2014].

References

 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378
class graph_tool.inference.TemperingState(states, betas)[source]

Bases: object

This class aggregates several state classes and corresponding inverse-temperature values to implement parallel tempering MCMC.

This is meant to be used with mcmc_equilibrate().

Parameters: states : list of state objects (e.g. BlockState) Initial parallel states. betas : list of floats Inverse temperature values.
entropy(**kwargs)[source]

Returns the weighted sum of the entropy of the parallel states. All keyword arguments are propagated to the individual states’ entropy() method.

gibbs_sweep(**kwargs)[source]

Perform a full Gibbs mcmc sweep of the parallel states, where swap or moves are chosen randomly. All keyword arguments are propagated to the individual states’ gibbs_sweep() method.

mcmc_sweep(**kwargs)[source]

Perform a full mcmc sweep of the parallel states, where swap or moves are chosen randomly. All keyword arguments are propagated to the individual states’ mcmc_sweep() method.

states_move(gibbs=False, **kwargs)[source]

Perform a full sweep of the parallel states, where state moves are attempted. All keyword arguments are propagated to the individual states’ mcmc_sweep() method. If the option gibbs=True is passed, gibbs_sweep is used instead().

states_swap(**kwargs)[source]

Perform a full sweep of the parallel states, where swaps are attempted. All relevant keyword arguments are propagated to the individual states’ entropy() method.

graph_tool.inference.multicanonical_equilibrate(state, m_state, f_range=(1.0, 1e-06), f_refine=1e-05, r=2, flatness=0.95, use_ent=False, allow_gaps=False, callback=None, multicanonical_args={}, verbose=False)[source]
Equilibrate a multicanonical Monte Carlo sampling using the Wang-Landau
algorithm.
Parameters: state : Any state class (e.g. BlockState) Initial state. This state will be modified during the algorithm. m_state : MulticanonicalState Initial multicanonical state, where the state density will be stored. f_range : tuple of two floats (optional, default: (1., 1e-6)) Range of density updates. f_refine : float (optional, default: 1e-5) If the value of f decreases below this threshold, the refinement steps described in [belardinelli-wang-2007] will be employed, instead of histogram flatness. r : float (optional, default: 2.) Greediness of convergence. At each iteration, the density updates will be reduced by a factor r. flatness : float (optional, default: .99) Sufficient histogram flatness threshold used to continue the algorithm. use_ent : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the histogram entropy will be used to determine flatness, otherwise the smallest and largest counts relative to the mean will be used. allow_gaps : bool (optional, default: False) If True, gaps in the histogram (regions with zero count) will be ignored when computing the flatness. callback : function (optional, default: None) If given, this function will be called after each iteration. The function must accept the current state and m_state as arguments. multicanonical_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to state.multicanonical_sweep (e.g. graph_tool.inference.BlockState.multicanonical_sweep()). verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. niter : int Number of iterations required for convergence.

References

 [wang-efficient-2001] Fugao Wang, D. P. Landau, “An efficient, multiple range random walk algorithm to calculate the density of states”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2050 (2001), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2050, arXiv: cond-mat/0011174
 [belardinelli-wang-2007] R. E. Belardinelli, V. D. Pereyra, “Wang-Landau algorithm: A theoretical analysis of the saturation of the error”, J. Chem. Phys. 127, 184105 (2007), DOI: 10.1063/1.2803061, arXiv: cond-mat/0702414
class graph_tool.inference.MulticanonicalState(g, S_min, S_max, nbins=1000)[source]

Bases: object

The density of states of a multicanonical Monte Carlo algorithm. It is used by graph_tool.inference.multicanonical_equilibrate().

Parameters: Graph to be modelled. S_min : float Minimum energy. S_max : float Maximum energy. nbins : int (optional, default: 1000) Number of bins.
get_allowed_energies()[source]

Get allowed energy bounds.

get_density(B=None)[source]

Get density of states, normalized so that total sum is $$B^N$$, where $$B$$ is the number of groups, and $$N$$ is the number of nodes. If not supplied $$B=N$$ is assumed.

get_energies()[source]

Get energy bounds.

get_flatness(use_ent=False, h=None, allow_gaps=False)[source]

Get energy histogram flatness.

get_hist()[source]

Get energy histogram.

get_perm_hist()[source]

Get permanent energy histogram.

get_posterior(N=None)[source]

Get posterior probability.

get_range()[source]

Get energy range.

reset_hist()[source]

Reset energy histogram.

graph_tool.inference.bisection_minimize(init_states, random_bisection=False, mcmc_multilevel_args={}, extra_entropy_args={}, verbose=False)[source]

Find the best order (number of groups) given an initial set of states by performing a one-dimension minimization, using a Fibonacci (or golden section) search.

Parameters: init_states : Any state class (e.g. BlockState) List with two or more states that will be used to bracket the search. random_bisection : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the bisection will be done randomly in the interval, instead of using the golden rule. mcmc_multilevel_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to mcmc_multilevel(). extra_entropy_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Extra arguments to be passed to state.entropy(). verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. min_state : Any state class (e.g. BlockState) State with minimal entropy in the interval.

Notes

This function calls mcmc_multilevel() to reduce the order of a given state, and uses the value of state.entropy(**args) for the minimization, with args obtained from mcmc_multilevel_args.

References

 [peixoto-efficient-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Efficient Monte Carlo and greedy heuristic for the inference of stochastic block models”, Phys. Rev. E 89, 012804 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.89.012804, arXiv: 1310.4378
graph_tool.inference.hierarchy_minimize(state, B_min=None, B_max=None, b_min=None, b_max=None, frozen_levels=None, sparse_thres=100, bisection_args={}, verbose=False)[source]

Attempt to find a fit of the nested stochastic block model that minimizes the description length.

Parameters: The nested block state. B_min : int (optional, default: None) The minimum number of blocks. B_max : int (optional, default: None) The maximum number of blocks. b_min : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) The partition to be used with the minimum number of blocks. b_max : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) The partition to be used with the maximum number of blocks. frozen_levels : sequence of ints (optional, default: None) List of hierarchy levels that are kept constant during the minimization. sparse_thres : int (optional, default: 100) If the number of nodes in a given level is larger than sparse_thres, the graph is treated as a sparse graph for minimization purposes (the full entropy is always computed exactly). bisection_args : dict (optional, default: {}) Arguments to be passed to bisection_minimize(). verbose : bool or tuple (optional, default: False) If True, progress information will be shown. Optionally, this accepts arguments of the type tuple of the form (level, prefix) where level is a positive integer that specifies the level of detail, and prefix is a string that is prepended to the all output messages. min_state : NestedBlockState Nested state with minimal description length.

Notes

This algorithms moves along the hierarchical levels, attempting to replace, delete or insert partitions that minimize the description length, until no further progress is possible.

See [peixoto-hierarchical-2014] for details on the algorithm.

This algorithm has a complexity of $$O(V \ln^2 V)$$, where $$V$$ is the number of nodes in the network.

References

 [peixoto-hierarchical-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Hierarchical block structures and high-resolution model selection in large networks ”, Phys. Rev. X 4, 011047 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.4.011047, arXiv: 1310.4377.
class graph_tool.inference.EMBlockState(g, B, init_state=None)[source]

Bases: object

The parametric, undirected stochastic block model state of a given graph.

Parameters: Graph to be modelled. B : int Number of blocks (or vertex groups). init_state : BlockState (optional, default: None) Optional block state used for initialization.

Notes

This class is intended to be used with em_infer() to perform expectation maximization with belief propagation. See [decelle_asymptotic_2011] for more details.

References

 [decelle_asymptotic_2011] (1, 2) Aurelien Decelle, Florent Krzakala, Cristopher Moore, and Lenka Zdeborová, “Asymptotic analysis of the stochastic block model for modular networks and its algorithmic applications”, Phys. Rev. E 84, 066106 (2011), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.066106, arXiv: 1109.3041
draw(**kwargs)[source]

Convenience wrapper to graph_draw() that draws the state of the graph as colors on the vertices and edges.

e_iter(max_iter=1000, epsilon=0.001, verbose=False)[source]

Perform ‘expectation’ iterations, using belief propagation, where the vertex marginals and edge messages are updated, until convergence according to epsilon or the maximum number of iterations given by max_iter. If verbose == True, convergence information is displayed.

The last update delta is returned.

get_MAP()[source]

Return the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the node partition.

get_ak()[source]

Return the model’s average degree.

get_fe()[source]

Return the Bethe free energy.

get_group_sizes()[source]

Return the group sizes.

get_matrix()[source]

Return probability matrix.

get_vertex_marginals()[source]

Return the vertex marginals.

learn(state, epsilon=0.001)[source]

Perform ‘maximization’ iterations until convergence according to epsilon.

The last update delta is returned.

m_iter()[source]

Perform a single ‘maximization’ iteration, where the group sizes and connection probability matrix are updated.

The update delta is returned.

graph_tool.inference.em_infer(state, max_iter=1000, max_e_iter=1, epsilon=0.001, learn_first=False, verbose=False)[source]

Infer the model parameters and latent variables using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm with initial state given by state.

Parameters: state : model state State object, e.g. of type graph_tool.inference.EMBlockState. max_iter : int (optional, default: 1000) Maximum number of iterations. max_e_iter : int (optional, default: 1) Maximum number of ‘expectation’ iterations inside the main loop. epsilon : float (optional, default: 1e-3) Convergence criterion. learn_first : bool (optional, default: False) If True, the maximization (a.k.a parameter learning) is converged before the main loop is run. verbose : bool (optional, default: True) If True, convergence information is displayed. delta : float The last update delta. niter : int The total number of iterations.

References

 [wiki-EM] “Expectation–maximization algorithm”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm

Examples

>>> g = gt.collection.data["polbooks"]
>>> state = gt.EMBlockState(g, B=3)
>>> delta, niter = gt.em_infer(state)
>>> state.draw(pos=g.vp["pos"], output="polbooks_EM_B3.pdf")
<...>


“Soft” block partition of a political books network with $$B=3$$.

graph_tool.inference.model_entropy(B, N, E, directed=False, nr=None, allow_empty=True)[source]

Computes the amount of information necessary for the parameters of the traditional blockmodel ensemble, for B blocks, N vertices, E edges, and either a directed or undirected graph.

This is equivalently defined as minus the log-likelihood of sampling the parameters from a nonparametric generative model.

A traditional blockmodel is defined as a set of $$N$$ vertices which can belong to one of $$B$$ blocks, and the matrix $$e_{rs}$$ describes the number of edges from block $$r$$ to $$s$$ (or twice that number if $$r=s$$ and the graph is undirected).

For an undirected graph, the number of distinct $$e_{rs}$$ matrices is given by,

$\Omega_m = \left(\!\!{B(B+1)/2 \choose E}\!\!\right)$

and for a directed graph,

$\Omega_m = \left(\!\!{B^2 \choose E}\!\!\right)$

where $$\left(\!{n \choose k}\!\right) = {n+k-1\choose k}$$ is the number of $$k$$ combinations with repetitions from a set of size $$n$$. Hence, we have the description length of the edge counts

$-\ln P(\boldsymbol{e}) = \ln \Omega_m.$

For the node partition $$\boldsymbol{b}$$ we assume a two-level Bayesian hierarchy, where first the group size histogram is generated, and conditioned on it the partition, which leads to a description length:

$-\ln P(\boldsymbol{b}) = \ln\left(\!\!{B \choose N}\!\!\right) + \ln N! - \sum_r \ln n_r!,$

where $$n_r$$ is the number of nodes in block $$r$$. If we forbid empty groups, with allow_empty == False, this changes slightly to

$-\ln P(\boldsymbol{b}) = \ln {N - 1 \choose B - 1} + \ln N! - \sum_r \ln n_r!.$

The total information necessary to describe the model is then,

$-\ln P(\boldsymbol{e}, \boldsymbol{b}) = -\ln P(\boldsymbol{e}) - \ln P(\boldsymbol{b}).$

If nr is None, it is assumed $$n_r=N/B$$. If nr is False, the partition term $$-\ln P(\boldsymbol{b})$$ is omitted entirely.

References

 [peixoto-parsimonious-2013] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Parsimonious module inference in large networks”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 148701 (2013), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.148701, arXiv: 1212.4794.
 [peixoto-hierarchical-2014] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Hierarchical block structures and high-resolution model selection in large networks ”, Phys. Rev. X 4, 011047 (2014), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.4.011047, arXiv: 1310.4377.
 [peixoto-model-2016] Tiago P. Peixoto, “Model selection and hypothesis testing for large-scale network models with overlapping groups”, Phys. Rev. X 5, 011033 (2016), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011033, arXiv: 1409.3059.
graph_tool.inference.mf_entropy(g, p)[source]

Compute the “mean field” entropy given the vertex block membership marginals.

Parameters: The graph. Vertex property map with vector-type values, storing the accumulated block membership counts. Hmf : float The “mean field” entropy value (in nats).

Notes

The “mean field” entropy is defined as,

$H = - \sum_{i,r}\pi_i(r)ln\pi_i(r),$

where $$\pi_i(r)$$ is the marginal probability that vertex $$i$$ belongs to block $$r$$.

References

 [mezard-information-2009] Marc Mézard, Andrea Montanari, “Information, Physics, and Computation”, Oxford Univ Press, 2009. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570837.001.0001
graph_tool.inference.bethe_entropy(g, p)[source]

Compute the Bethe entropy given the edge block membership marginals.

Parameters: The graph. Edge property map with edge marginals. H : float The Bethe entropy value (in nats) Hmf : float The “mean field” entropy value (in nats), as would be returned by the mf_entropy() function. pv : PropertyMap (optional, default: None) Vertex property map with vector-type values, storing the accumulated block membership counts. These are the node marginals, as would be returned by the collect_vertex_marginals() function.

Notes

The Bethe entropy is defined as,

$H = -\sum_{ij}A_{ij}\sum_{rs}\pi_{ij}(r,s)\ln\pi_{ij}(r,s) - \sum_i(1-k_i)\sum_r\pi_i(r)\ln\pi_i(r),$

where $$\pi_{ij}(r,s)$$ is the marginal probability that vertices $$i$$ and $$j$$ belong to blocks $$r$$ and $$s$$, respectively, and $$\pi_i(r)$$ is the marginal probability that vertex $$i$$ belongs to block $$r$$, and $$k_i$$ is the degree of vertex $$i$$ (or total degree for directed graphs).

References

 [mezard-information-2009] Marc Mézard, Andrea Montanari, “Information, Physics, and Computation”, Oxford Univ Press, 2009. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570837.001.0001
graph_tool.inference.microstate_entropy(h, unlabel=True)[source]

Compute microstate entropy given a histogram of partitions.

Parameters: h : PartitionHist (optional, default: None) Partition histogram. unlabel : bool (optional, default: True) If True, it is assumed that partition were relabeled so that only one entry for all its label permutations were considered in the histogram. The entropy computed will correspond to the full distribution over labelled partitions, where all permutations are assumed to be equally likely. H : float The microstate entropy value (in nats).

Notes

The microstate entropy is defined as,

$H = - \sum_{\boldsymbol b}p({\boldsymbol b})\ln p({\boldsymbol b}),$

where $$p({\boldsymbol b})$$ is observed frequency of labelled partition $${\boldsymbol b}$$.

References

 [mezard-information-2009] Marc Mézard, Andrea Montanari, “Information, Physics, and Computation”, Oxford Univ Press, 2009. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570837.001.0001
class graph_tool.inference.PartitionHist

Bases: Boost.Python.instance

Histogram of partitions, implemented in C++. Interface supports querying and setting using Vector_int32_t as keys, and ints as values.

__init__( (object)arg1) -> None :

C++ signature :
void __init__(_object*)
asdict()
asdict( (PartitionHist)arg1) -> dict :

Return the histogram’s contents as a dict.

C++ signature :
boost::python::dict asdict(PartitionHist {lvalue})
class graph_tool.inference.BlockPairHist

Bases: Boost.Python.instance

Histogram of block pairs, implemented in C++. Interface supports querying and setting using pairs of ints as keys, and ints as values.

__init__( (object)arg1) -> None :

C++ signature :
void __init__(_object*)
asdict()
asdict( (BlockPairHist)arg1) -> dict :

Return the histogram’s contents as a dict.

C++ signature :
boost::python::dict asdict(BlockPairHist {lvalue})
graph_tool.inference.half_edge_graph(g, b=None, B=None, rec=None)[source]

Generate a half-edge graph, where each half-edge is represented by a node, and an edge connects the half-edges like in the original graph.

graph_tool.inference.get_block_edge_gradient(g, be, cmap=None)[source]

Get edge gradients corresponding to the block membership at the endpoints of the edges given by the be edge property map.

Parameters: The graph. Vector-valued edge property map with the block membership at each endpoint. cmap : matplotlib.colors.Colormap (optional, default: default_cm) Color map used to construct the gradient. A vector-valued edge property map containing a color gradient.
graph_tool.inference.get_hierarchy_tree(state, empty_branches=True)[source]

Obtain the nested hierarchical levels as a tree.

This transforms a NestedBlockState instance into a single Graph instance containing the hierarchy tree.

Parameters: Nested block model state. empty_branches : bool (optional, default: True) If empty_branches == False, dangling branches at the upper layers will be pruned. tree : Graph A directed graph, where vertices are blocks, and a directed edge points to an upper to a lower level in the hierarchy. label : PropertyMap A vertex property map containing the block label for each node. order : PropertyMap` A vertex property map containing the relative ordering of each layer according to the total degree of the groups at the specific levels.