The gt file format#

The gt file format is a simple binary format designed to store graph-tool Graph instances in a compact and fast manner, including all types of property maps supported by the library. It serves as an alternative to the text-based graphml format for very large graphs where I/O may become very time and space consuming.

Here we describe the encoding in detail, using as an example the lesmis network from the graph_tool.collection module.

The header begins with the magic string gt in utf-8 encoding, totaling 6 bytes, followed by the version number (currently 0x01) in a single byte, and a Boolean (also a single byte) determining the endianness (0x00: little-endian, 0x01: big-endian):

00000000  e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00                           |... gt..|
00000008

This is followed by a comment string. Strings are stored by a length (8 bytes, uint64_t) and the corresponding sequence of bytes, not null-terminated. The comment may be empty, but graph-tool outputs a human readable summary of the file, which can be inspected with tools like hexdump:

00000000  e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00  dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |... gt..........|
00000010  67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f  6f 6c 20 62 69 6e 61 72  |graph-tool binar|
00000020  79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28  68 74 74 70 3a 3a 2f 2f  |y file (http:://|
00000030  67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f  6f 6c 2e 73 6b 65 77 65  |graph-tool.skewe|
00000040  64 2e 64 65 29 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20  |d.de) generated |
00000050  62 79 20 76 65 72 73 69  6f 6e 20 32 2e 32 2e 33  |by version 2.2.3|
00000060  32 64 65 76 20 28 63 6f  6d 6d 69 74 20 64 34 66  |2dev (commit d4f|
00000070  31 66 31 62 66 2c 20 4d  6f 6e 20 41 75 67 20 31  |1f1bf, Mon Aug 1|
00000080  31 20 31 36 3a 32 36 3a  35 34 20 32 30 31 34 20  |1 16:26:54 2014 |
00000090  2b 30 32 30 30 29 20 73  74 61 74 73 3a 20 37 37  |+0200) stats: 77|
000000a0  20 76 65 72 74 69 63 65  73 2c 20 32 35 34 20 65  | vertices, 254 e|
000000b0  64 67 65 73 2c 20 75 6e  64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64  |dges, undirected|
000000c0  2c 20 32 20 67 72 61 70  68 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c  |, 2 graph props,|
000000d0  20 32 20 76 65 72 74 65  78 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c  | 2 vertex props,|
000000e0  20 31 20 65 64 67 65 20  70 72 6f 70 73           | 1 edge props|
000000ed

The adjacency list now follows, beginning with a Boolean byte specifying whether or not the graph is directed (0x00: undirected, 0x01: directed), and 8 bytes (uint64_t) containing the number of nodes, N. It is followed by the list of out-neighbors of all N nodes in sequence. The sequence itself determines implicitly the index of the nodes, in the range from 0 to N-1. The list of out-neighbors of a given node is composed of a length (8 bytes, uint64_t) and a sequence of node indices with this length. The number of bytes d used to encode the node indices in this list is determined by the value of N, and will be the smallest value of the set {1, 2, 4, 8} (i.e. {uint8_t, uint16_t, uint32_t, uint64_t}, respectively) which is sufficient to accommodate all N nodes. For undirected graphs, here it is important that each edge appears only once, i.e. if node u appears in the list of neighbors of v, then v should not appear in the list of u again, otherwise it will be considered as a different (parallel) edge. In this way, the total number of bytes used for the adjacency is 1 + 8 + N * 8 + E * d with E being the number of edges:

00000000  e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00  dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |... gt..........|
00000010  67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f  6f 6c 20 62 69 6e 61 72  |graph-tool binar|
00000020  79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28  68 74 74 70 3a 3a 2f 2f  |y file (http:://|
00000030  67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f  6f 6c 2e 73 6b 65 77 65  |graph-tool.skewe|
00000040  64 2e 64 65 29 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20  |d.de) generated |
00000050  62 79 20 76 65 72 73 69  6f 6e 20 32 2e 32 2e 33  |by version 2.2.3|
00000060  32 64 65 76 20 28 63 6f  6d 6d 69 74 20 64 34 66  |2dev (commit d4f|
00000070  31 66 31 62 66 2c 20 4d  6f 6e 20 41 75 67 20 31  |1f1bf, Mon Aug 1|
00000080  31 20 31 36 3a 32 36 3a  35 34 20 32 30 31 34 20  |1 16:26:54 2014 |
00000090  2b 30 32 30 30 29 20 73  74 61 74 73 3a 20 37 37  |+0200) stats: 77|
000000a0  20 76 65 72 74 69 63 65  73 2c 20 32 35 34 20 65  | vertices, 254 e|
000000b0  64 67 65 73 2c 20 75 6e  64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64  |dges, undirected|
000000c0  2c 20 32 20 67 72 61 70  68 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c  |, 2 graph props,|
000000d0  20 32 20 76 65 72 74 65  78 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c  | 2 vertex props,|
000000e0  20 31 20 65 64 67 65 20  70 72 6f 70 73 00 4d 00  | 1 edge props.M.|
000000f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00  |................|
00000100  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000110  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 02 01 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000120  00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
00000130  00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00  |................|
00000140  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000150  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000160  0a 03 02 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00  |................|
00000170  00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01  |................|
00000180  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000190  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000001a0  00 10 11 03 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 10 11 12 04 00  |................|
000001b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11  12 13 05 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000001c0  00 00 10 11 12 13 14 06  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10  |................|
000001d0  11 12 13 14 15 09 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12  |................|
000001e0  13 14 15 16 0c 0b 02 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 17 0b  |................|
000001f0  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  18 17 0b 04 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000200  00 00 00 18 0b 10 19 05  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b  |................|
00000210  17 19 18 1a 02 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 0b 1b 03 00  |................|
00000220  00 00 00 00 00 00 17 1b  0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000230  00 17 04 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 1e 0b 17 1b 01 00  |................|
00000240  00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 02  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b  |................|
00000250  1b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 0b 1d 03 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000260  00 00 00 0b 22 1d 04 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23  |...."........."#|
00000270  0b 1d 05 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 22 23 24 0b 1d 06  |.........."#$...|
00000280  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22  23 24 25 0b 1d 01 00 00  |......."#$%.....|
00000290  00 00 00 00 00 19 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 19 02  |................|
000002a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18  19 03 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000002b0  00 29 19 18 03 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 0b 1a 1b 02  |.)..............|
000002c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1c  0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000002d0  00 1c 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000002e0  00 00 2e 04 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 2f 19 1b 0b 02  |.........../....|
000002f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a  0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000300  00 31 18 03 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 31 1a 0b 02 00  |.1.........1....|
00000310  00 00 00 00 00 00 33 27  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......3'........|
00000320  33 03 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 33 31 1a 0a 00 00 00  |3........31.....|
00000330  00 00 00 00 33 31 27 36  1a 0b 10 19 29 30 02 00  |....31'6....)0..|
00000340  00 00 00 00 00 00 31 37  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......17........|
00000350  37 29 30 05 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 37 30 1b 39 0b  |7)0........70.9.|
00000360  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  3a 37 30 39 03 00 00 00  |........:709....|
00000370  00 00 00 00 30 3a 3b 06  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30  |....0:;........0|
00000380  3a 3c 3b 39 37 08 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 37 3a 3b  |:<;97........7:;|
00000390  30 39 29 3d 3c 08 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 3b 30 3e  |09)=<........;0>|
000003a0  39 3a 3d 3c 37 0a 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 37 3e 30  |9:=<7........7>0|
000003b0  3f 3a 3d 3c 3b 39 0b 0a  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3f  |?:=<;9.........?|
000003c0  40 30 3e 3a 3d 3c 3b 39  37 09 00 00 00 00 00 00  |@0>:=<;97.......|
000003d0  00 40 3a 3b 3e 41 30 3f  3d 3c 01 00 00 00 00 00  |.@:;>A0?=<......|
000003e0  00 00 39 06 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 19 0b 18 1b 30  |..9............0|
000003f0  29 07 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 19 44 0b 18 1b 30 29  |).........D...0)|
00000400  08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  19 45 44 0b 18 1b 29 3a  |.........ED...):|
00000410  08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  1b 45 44 46 0b 30 29 19  |.........EDF.0).|
00000420  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  1a 1b 0b 01 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000430  00 00 00 30 02 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 30 49 07 00  |...0........0I..|
00000440  00 00 00 00 00 00 45 44  19 30 29 46 47 07 00 00  |......ED.0)FG...|
00000450  00 00 00 00 00 40 41 42  3f 3e 30 3a              |.....@AB?>0:|
0000045c

The adjacency is followed by a list of property maps. The list begins with a total number of property maps (8 bytes, uint64_t), and then the individual records. Each property map begins with a key type (1 byte, uint8_t) specifying whether it is a graph (0x00), a vertex (0x01) or an edge (0x02) property map, followed by a string (8 byte length + length bytes) containing the name of the property map. This is then followed by a byte (uint8_t) specifying the value type index, from the following table:

Type name

Bytes

Index

bool

1

0x00

int16_t

2

0x01

int32_t

4

0x02

int64_t

8

0x03

double

8

0x04

long double

16

0x05

string

8 + length

0x06

vector<bool>

8 + length

0x07

vector<int16_t>

8 + 2 * length

0x08

vector<int32_t>

8 + 4 * length

0x09

vector<int64_t>

8 + 8 * length

0x0a

vector<double>

8 + 8 * length

0x0b

vector<long double>

8 + 16 * length

0x0c

vector<string>

8 + <variable>

0x0d

python::object

8 + length

0x0e

The values of the property map follow in the order of the vertex indices (for vertex properties) or in the same order in which the edges appear in the preceding adjacency list (for edge properties). For graph properties only one value follows. Strings and vectors are encoded with a length prefix of 8 bytes (uint64_t) followed by a sequence of that size with the appropriate element size. The elements of vector<string> are encoded as pairs of (8 byte length, bytes) as usual. Values of type python::object are encoded just as strings, with the string content encoded or decoded via pickle.

00000000  e2 9b be 20 67 74 01 00  dd 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |... gt..........|
00000010  67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f  6f 6c 20 62 69 6e 61 72  |graph-tool binar|
00000020  79 20 66 69 6c 65 20 28  68 74 74 70 3a 3a 2f 2f  |y file (http:://|
00000030  67 72 61 70 68 2d 74 6f  6f 6c 2e 73 6b 65 77 65  |graph-tool.skewe|
00000040  64 2e 64 65 29 20 67 65  6e 65 72 61 74 65 64 20  |d.de) generated |
00000050  62 79 20 76 65 72 73 69  6f 6e 20 32 2e 32 2e 33  |by version 2.2.3|
00000060  32 64 65 76 20 28 63 6f  6d 6d 69 74 20 64 34 66  |2dev (commit d4f|
00000070  31 66 31 62 66 2c 20 4d  6f 6e 20 41 75 67 20 31  |1f1bf, Mon Aug 1|
00000080  31 20 31 36 3a 32 36 3a  35 34 20 32 30 31 34 20  |1 16:26:54 2014 |
00000090  2b 30 32 30 30 29 20 73  74 61 74 73 3a 20 37 37  |+0200) stats: 77|
000000a0  20 76 65 72 74 69 63 65  73 2c 20 32 35 34 20 65  | vertices, 254 e|
000000b0  64 67 65 73 2c 20 75 6e  64 69 72 65 63 74 65 64  |dges, undirected|
000000c0  2c 20 32 20 67 72 61 70  68 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c  |, 2 graph props,|
000000d0  20 32 20 76 65 72 74 65  78 20 70 72 6f 70 73 2c  | 2 vertex props,|
000000e0  20 31 20 65 64 67 65 20  70 72 6f 70 73 00 4d 00  | 1 edge props.M.|
000000f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00  |................|
00000100  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000110  02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 02 01 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000120  00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  |................|
00000130  00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00  |................|
00000140  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000150  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000160  0a 03 02 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 0b 01 00 00  |................|
00000170  00 00 00 00 00 0b 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 01  |................|
00000180  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000190  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  10 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000001a0  00 10 11 03 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 10 11 12 04 00  |................|
000001b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 10 11  12 13 05 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000001c0  00 00 10 11 12 13 14 06  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10  |................|
000001d0  11 12 13 14 15 09 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 10 11 12  |................|
000001e0  13 14 15 16 0c 0b 02 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 17 0b  |................|
000001f0  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  18 17 0b 04 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000200  00 00 00 18 0b 10 19 05  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b  |................|
00000210  17 19 18 1a 02 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 0b 1b 03 00  |................|
00000220  00 00 00 00 00 00 17 1b  0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000230  00 17 04 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 1e 0b 17 1b 01 00  |................|
00000240  00 00 00 00 00 00 0b 02  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0b  |................|
00000250  1b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 0b 1d 03 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000260  00 00 00 0b 22 1d 04 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 22 23  |...."........."#|
00000270  0b 1d 05 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 22 23 24 0b 1d 06  |.........."#$...|
00000280  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22  23 24 25 0b 1d 01 00 00  |......."#$%.....|
00000290  00 00 00 00 00 19 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 19 02  |................|
000002a0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18  19 03 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000002b0  00 29 19 18 03 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 0b 1a 1b 02  |.)..............|
000002c0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1c  0b 01 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000002d0  00 1c 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000002e0  00 00 2e 04 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 2f 19 1b 0b 02  |.........../....|
000002f0  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1a  0b 02 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000300  00 31 18 03 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 31 1a 0b 02 00  |.1.........1....|
00000310  00 00 00 00 00 00 33 27  01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......3'........|
00000320  33 03 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 33 31 1a 0a 00 00 00  |3........31.....|
00000330  00 00 00 00 33 31 27 36  1a 0b 10 19 29 30 02 00  |....31'6....)0..|
00000340  00 00 00 00 00 00 31 37  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |......17........|
00000350  37 29 30 05 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 37 30 1b 39 0b  |7)0........70.9.|
00000360  04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  3a 37 30 39 03 00 00 00  |........:709....|
00000370  00 00 00 00 30 3a 3b 06  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30  |....0:;........0|
00000380  3a 3c 3b 39 37 08 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 37 3a 3b  |:<;97........7:;|
00000390  30 39 29 3d 3c 08 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 3b 30 3e  |09)=<........;0>|
000003a0  39 3a 3d 3c 37 0a 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 37 3e 30  |9:=<7........7>0|
000003b0  3f 3a 3d 3c 3b 39 0b 0a  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3f  |?:=<;9.........?|
000003c0  40 30 3e 3a 3d 3c 3b 39  37 09 00 00 00 00 00 00  |@0>:=<;97.......|
000003d0  00 40 3a 3b 3e 41 30 3f  3d 3c 01 00 00 00 00 00  |.@:;>A0?=<......|
000003e0  00 00 39 06 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 19 0b 18 1b 30  |..9............0|
000003f0  29 07 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 19 44 0b 18 1b 30 29  |).........D...0)|
00000400  08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  19 45 44 0b 18 1b 29 3a  |.........ED...):|
00000410  08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  1b 45 44 46 0b 30 29 19  |.........EDF.0).|
00000420  03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  1a 1b 0b 01 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000430  00 00 00 30 02 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 30 49 07 00  |...0........0I..|
00000440  00 00 00 00 00 00 45 44  19 30 29 46 47 07 00 00  |......ED.0)FG...|
00000450  00 00 00 00 00 40 41 42  3f 3e 30 3a 05 00 00 00  |.....@AB?>0:....|
00000460  00 00 00 00 00 0b 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 64 65 73  |.............des|
00000470  63 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e  06 24 01 00 00 00 00 00  |cription.$......|
00000480  00 4c 65 73 20 4d 69 73  65 72 61 62 6c 65 73 3a  |.Les Miserables:|
00000490  20 63 6f 61 70 70 65 61  72 61 6e 63 65 20 6e 65  | coappearance ne|
000004a0  74 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f 66  20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74  |twork of charact|
000004b0  65 72 73 20 69 6e 20 74  68 65 20 6e 6f 76 65 6c  |ers in the novel|
000004c0  20 4c 65 73 20 4d 69 73  65 72 61 62 6c 65 73 2e  | Les Miserables.|
000004d0  20 50 6c 65 61 73 65 20  63 69 74 65 20 44 2e 20  | Please cite D. |
000004e0  45 2e 20 4b 6e 75 74 68  2c 20 54 68 65 20 53 74  |E. Knuth, The St|
000004f0  61 6e 66 6f 72 64 20 47  72 61 70 68 42 61 73 65  |anford GraphBase|
00000500  3a 20 41 20 50 6c 61 74  66 6f 72 6d 20 66 6f 72  |: A Platform for|
00000510  20 43 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61  74 6f 72 69 61 6c 20 43  | Combinatorial C|
00000520  6f 6d 70 75 74 69 6e 67  2c 20 41 64 64 69 73 6f  |omputing, Addiso|
00000530  6e 2d 57 65 73 6c 65 79  2c 20 52 65 61 64 69 6e  |n-Wesley, Readin|
00000540  67 2c 20 4d 41 20 28 31  39 39 33 29 2e 20 52 65  |g, MA (1993). Re|
00000550  74 72 69 65 76 65 64 20  66 72 6f 6d 20 60 4d 61  |trieved from `Ma|
00000560  72 6b 20 4e 65 77 6d 61  6e 27 73 20 77 65 62 73  |rk Newman's webs|
00000570  69 74 65 20 3c 68 74 74  70 3a 2f 2f 77 77 77 2d  |ite <http://www-|
00000580  70 65 72 73 6f 6e 61 6c  2e 75 6d 69 63 68 2e 65  |personal.umich.e|
00000590  64 75 2f 7e 6d 65 6a 6e  2f 6e 65 74 64 61 74 61  |du/~mejn/netdata|
000005a0  2f 3e 60 5f 2e 00 06 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 72 65  |/>`_..........re|
000005b0  61 64 6d 65 06 e2 01 00  00 00 00 00 00 54 68 65  |adme.........The|
000005c0  20 66 69 6c 65 20 6c 65  73 6d 69 73 2e 67 6d 6c  | file lesmis.gml|
000005d0  20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e  73 20 74 68 65 20 77 65  | contains the we|
000005e0  69 67 68 74 65 64 20 6e  65 74 77 6f 72 6b 20 6f  |ighted network o|
000005f0  66 20 63 6f 61 70 70 65  61 72 61 6e 63 65 73 20  |f coappearances |
00000600  6f 66 0a 63 68 61 72 61  63 74 65 72 73 20 69 6e  |of.characters in|
00000610  20 56 69 63 74 6f 72 20  48 75 67 6f 27 73 20 6e  | Victor Hugo's n|
00000620  6f 76 65 6c 20 22 4c 65  73 20 4d 69 73 65 72 61  |ovel "Les Misera|
00000630  62 6c 65 73 22 2e 20 20  4e 6f 64 65 73 20 72 65  |bles".  Nodes re|
00000640  70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 0a  63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65  |present.characte|
00000650  72 73 20 61 73 20 69 6e  64 69 63 61 74 65 64 20  |rs as indicated |
00000660  62 79 20 74 68 65 20 6c  61 62 65 6c 73 20 61 6e  |by the labels an|
00000670  64 20 65 64 67 65 73 20  63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20  |d edges connect |
00000680  61 6e 79 20 70 61 69 72  20 6f 66 0a 63 68 61 72  |any pair of.char|
00000690  61 63 74 65 72 73 20 74  68 61 74 20 61 70 70 65  |acters that appe|
000006a0  61 72 20 69 6e 20 74 68  65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 63  |ar in the same c|
000006b0  68 61 70 74 65 72 20 6f  66 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f  |hapter of the bo|
000006c0  6f 6b 2e 20 20 54 68 65  20 76 61 6c 75 65 73 20  |ok.  The values |
000006d0  6f 6e 20 74 68 65 0a 65  64 67 65 73 20 61 72 65  |on the.edges are|
000006e0  20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d  62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 73  | the number of s|
000006f0  75 63 68 20 63 6f 61 70  70 65 61 72 61 6e 63 65  |uch coappearance|
00000700  73 2e 20 20 54 68 65 20  64 61 74 61 20 6f 6e 20  |s.  The data on |
00000710  63 6f 61 70 70 65 61 72  61 6e 63 65 73 20 77 65  |coappearances we|
00000720  72 65 0a 74 61 6b 65 6e  20 66 72 6f 6d 20 44 2e  |re.taken from D.|
00000730  20 45 2e 20 4b 6e 75 74  68 2c 20 54 68 65 20 53  | E. Knuth, The S|
00000740  74 61 6e 66 6f 72 64 20  47 72 61 70 68 42 61 73  |tanford GraphBas|
00000750  65 3a 20 41 20 50 6c 61  74 66 6f 72 6d 20 66 6f  |e: A Platform fo|
00000760  72 0a 43 6f 6d 62 69 6e  61 74 6f 72 69 61 6c 20  |r.Combinatorial |
00000770  43 6f 6d 70 75 74 69 6e  67 2c 20 41 64 64 69 73  |Computing, Addis|
00000780  6f 6e 2d 57 65 73 6c 65  79 2c 20 52 65 61 64 69  |on-Wesley, Readi|
00000790  6e 67 2c 20 4d 41 20 28  31 39 39 33 29 2e 0a 01  |ng, MA (1993)...|
000007a0  05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  6c 61 62 65 6c 06 06 00  |........label...|
000007b0  00 00 00 00 00 00 4d 79  72 69 65 6c 08 00 00 00  |......Myriel....|
000007c0  00 00 00 00 4e 61 70 6f  6c 65 6f 6e 0e 00 00 00  |....Napoleon....|
000007d0  00 00 00 00 4d 6c 6c 65  42 61 70 74 69 73 74 69  |....MlleBaptisti|
000007e0  6e 65 0b 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 4d 6d 65 4d 61 67  |ne........MmeMag|
000007f0  6c 6f 69 72 65 0c 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 43 6f 75  |loire........Cou|
00000800  6e 74 65 73 73 44 65 4c  6f 08 00 00 00 00 00 00  |ntessDeLo.......|
00000810  00 47 65 62 6f 72 61 6e  64 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.Geborand.......|
00000820  00 43 68 61 6d 70 74 65  72 63 69 65 72 08 00 00  |.Champtercier...|
00000830  00 00 00 00 00 43 72 61  76 61 74 74 65 05 00 00  |.....Cravatte...|
00000840  00 00 00 00 00 43 6f 75  6e 74 06 00 00 00 00 00  |.....Count......|
00000850  00 00 4f 6c 64 4d 61 6e  07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |..OldMan........|
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00001bfc

This file has an overall length of 0x00001bfc == 7164 bytes. In comparison, a graphml encoding results in 37506 bytes. Compressing both files with LZMA results in 2800 and 4192 bytes, respectively. However, this difference (even when compressed) tends to increase, often considerably, for larger graphs. Furthermore the reading and writing in the gt format tends to be about an order of magnitude faster than graphml, and largely I/O-bound, instead of the latter, which is often CPU-bound. Here is an example for a somewhat larger graph:

>>> import timeit
>>> g = gt.collection.data["pgp-strong-2009"]
>>> g.properties.clear()   # Use only topology for benchmark
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml")).timeit(number=1)  
0.08416466903872788
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml.xz")).timeit(number=1)  
14.706654848065227
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt")).timeit(number=1)  
0.005980597110465169
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: g.save("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt.xz")).timeit(number=1)  
0.43757575505878776
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml")).timeit(number=1)  
0.9056955680716783
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.xml.xz")).timeit(number=1)  
1.0840389159275219
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt")).timeit(number=1)  
0.0512137800687924
>>> timeit.Timer(lambda: gt.load_graph("/tmp/pgp_graph.gt.xz")).timeit(number=1)  
0.07995201298035681
>>> import subprocess
>>> print(subprocess.check_output("du -b /tmp/pgp_graph* | sort -n", shell=True).decode("utf-8")) 
395148       /tmp/pgp_graph.gt.xz
921619       /tmp/pgp_graph.gt
1010208      /tmp/pgp_graph.xml.xz
21324583     /tmp/pgp_graph.xml